Do we need more than 50.000 words in the orthographic lexicon to be able to read?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7726.2019.2.34510Keywords:
Decoding. Reading. Invariant features of letters. Grapheme values in written Brazilian Portuguese. Levels of Hierarchy.Abstract
The goal of this paper is to explain the reading decoding process. I begin at the moments preceding it (choosing what to read, pre-reading, eye-fixation, up to the phase when stains are sprayed and then turned into invariant features). A convergence then occurs, and the invariant features of both left and right V4 areas are sent to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Recycled neurons, then, recognize which, how many, and how the invariant letter features combine for differentiating one letter from another. I emphasize a rather neglected difference in reading processing models, between letter recognition and graphemes, demonstrating that letter recognition is language independent, while the grapheme value, or phoneme, is its raison d’être, for the grapheme represents the phoneme in the writing system. I present the orthographical context independent values many graphemes have, in the written Brazilian Portuguese (BP), as well as several cases of predictability of the values depending on the orthographical context or through metalanguage and/or the morphosyntactic and semantic textual context. Several arguments falsify the existence of an orthographic lexicon for the decoding of words, as an obligatory condition for their recognition.
Downloads
References
BÜHLER, Karl. Teoría del lenguaje. Madri: Revista del Occidente, 1950.
COULTHEART, Max. Modelando a leitura: a abordagem da dupla rota. In: SNOWLING, Margaret J.; HULME, Charles (org.). A ciência da leitura. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2013. p. 24-4.
DEHAENE-LAMBERTZ, Ghislaine; HERTZ-PANNIER, Lucie; DUBOIS, Jessica; MÉRIAUX, Sebastian; ROCHE, Alexis; SIGMAN, Mariano; DEHAENE, Stanislas. Functional organization of perisylvian activation during presentation of sentences in preverbal infants. PNAS, Washington, DC, v. 103, n. 38, p. 14240-14245, set. 2006. Publicado online: 19 set. 2006. Disponível em: https://www.pnas.org/content/103/38/14240. Acesso em: 30 nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606302103
DEHAENE, Stanislas. Os neurônios da leitura. Como a ciência explica a nossa capacidade de ler. Consultoria, tradução e supervisão L. Scliar-Cabral. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2012.
DEHAENE, Stanislas. A aprendizagem da leitura modifica as redes corticais da visão e da linguagem verbal. Adaptação de L. Scliar-Cabral. Letras de Hoje, Porto Alegre, v. 48, n. 1, p. 148-152, jan./ mar. 2013.
DE SAUSSURE, Ferdinand de; BALLY, Charles ; SECHEHAYE, Albert; RIEDLINGER, Albert. Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot, 1922.
DING, Nai; MELLONI, Lucia; ZHANG, Hang; TIAN, Xing; POEPPEL, David. Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech. Nature Neuroscience, Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, EUA, v. 19, n. 1, p. 158-164, jan. 2016. Publicado online: 7 dez. 2015. Disponível em:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4809195/. Acesso em: 30 nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4186
FORSTER, Kenneth I.; CHAMBERS, Susan M. Lexical access and naming time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Amsterdã, v. 12, n. 6, p. 627-635, 1973. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371 (73)80042-8. Acesso em: 30 nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80042-8
FRIEDERICI, Angela D. Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Amsterdã, v. 6, n. 2, p.78-84, 2000. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7872392_Friederici_A_D_Towards_a_neural_basis_of_auditory_sentence_processing_Trends_Cogn_Sci_6_78-84. Acesso em: 30 nov. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01839-8
GOUGH, Philip B. One second of reading: postscript. In: SINGER, Harry; RUDDELL, Robert B. (org.), Theoretical models and processes of reading. 3. ed. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1985, p. 687-688.
GOUGH, Philip B. One second of reading: a model. Studihippo. Disponível em: https:// study hippo.com/onesecond- of-reading-a-model-by-philip-gough/. Acesso em: 24 nov. 2018.
POEPPEL, David. We do have a grammar in our head. Max- Planck-Gesellschaft, Dec. 8, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.mpg.de/9785401/ internal-grammar. Acesso em: 30 nov./2018. Publicação original: DING, N. et al. Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech. Nature Neuroscience. Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, EUA, v. 19, n. 1, p. 158-164, jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4186
RUDDELL, Robert B.; UNRAU, Norman J. Reading as a meaning-construction process: The reader, the text, and the teacher. In: RUDDELL, R. B.; RUDDELL, M. R.; SINGER, H. (org.). Theoretical models and processes of reading. 4. ed. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1994. p. 996-1056.
RUMELHART, David. E. Toward an interactive model of reading. San Diego: Center for Human Information Processing, University of California, 1976.
SCLIAR-CABRAL, Leonor. Sistema Scliar de Alfabetização: Fundamentos. Florianópolis: Editora Lili, 2013. SMITH, Frank. Understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read. 7. ed. Mahwah,
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005.
TAFT, Marcus. Readings and the mental lexicon. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983.
VIANA, A. R. G. Ortografia Nacional. Simplificação e uniformização das ortografias portuguesas. Lisboa: Livraria Editora Viúva Tavares Cardoso, 1904.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Letras de Hoje
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
The submission of originals to Letras de Hoje implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Letras de Hoje as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.