Una crítica a la Visión Argumental:
Por qué los experimentos mentales son más que argumentos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2026.1.48895Palabras clave:
Experimentos Mentales, Visión Argumental, Razonamiento Inferencial, Condición de Asunción, JustificaciónResumen
La Visión Argumental postula que los experimentos mentales son meros argumentos disfrazados, derivando su poder epistémico de la inferencia lógica. Este artículo desafía esta visión, argumentando que se basa en un error categorial fundamental al caracterizar erróneamente la actividad cognitiva de la experimentación mental. Demostramos que el proceso de llevar a cabo un experimento mental es fenomenológica y estructuralmente distinto de ejecutar una inferencia. Específicamente, no satisface la condición de asunción necesaria – donde un pensador debe asumir que sus premisas apoyan su conclusión – una característica central del razonamiento genuino a nivel personal. Se muestra que esta crítica es decisiva contra la fuerte Tesis de la Ejecución. Luego extendemos nuestro análisis a la más débil Tesis de la Reconstructibilidad, argumentando que esta rompe el vínculo entre un sujeto y su justificación y hace una concesión fatal sobre el papel epistémico indispensable de la propia narrativa. Concluimos que la Visión Argumental es un modelo insostenible porque confunde el proceso imaginativo de descubrimiento con su potencial validación lógica post-hoc.
Descargas
Citas
BASSHAM, G.; IRWIN, W.; NARDONE, H.; WALLACE, J. Critical Thinking: A Student’s Introduction. 2nd ed. Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
BISHOP, M. Why thought experiments are not arguments?Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 66, n. S1, p. 534–541, 1999. https://philarchive.org/archive/BISWTE. Acesso em: nov. 2024.
BOGHOSSIAN, P. Blind Reasoning. Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume, [s. l.], v. 77, n. 1, p. 225–248, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8349.00110. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BOGHOSSIAN, P. What is Inference? Philosophical Studies, [s. l.], v. 169, n. 1, p. 1–18, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-012-9903-x. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BOKULICH, A. Rethinking thought experiments. Perspectives on Science, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 3, p. 285–307, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/10636140160176152. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BRENDEL, E. Intuition pumps and the proper use of thought experiments. Dialectica, [s. l.], v. 58, n. 1, p. 89–108, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.2004.tb00299.x. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BROOME, J. Normative Practical Reasoning. Aristotelian Society, [s. l.], v. 75, n. 1, p. 175–193, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8349.00086. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BROWN, J. R. Thought experiments since the scientific revolution. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 1–15, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02698598608573279. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BROWN, J. R. The laboratory of the mind: Thought experiments in the natural sciences. New York: Routledge, 1991.
BROWN, J. R. Why empiricism will not work. Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, [s. l.], v. 1992, n. 2, p. 271–279, 1992. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/192841. Acesso em: 25 maio 2024.
BROWN, J. R. Why thought experiments do transcend empiricism. In: HITCHCOCK, C. (ed.). Contemporary debates in the philosophy of science. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. p. 23–43.
BUNZL, M. Bunzl on Sorensen’s Thought Experiment. Informal Logic, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 3, p. 389–393, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v17i3.2426. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BUNZL, M. The Logic of Thought Experiments. Synthese, [s. l.], v. 106, n. 2, p. 227–240, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413701. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
BUZZONI, M. Thought experiment in the natural sciences. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2008.
CHURCHLAND, P. M.; CHURCHLAND, P. S. Could a machine think? Scientific American, [s. l.], v. 262, n. 1, p. 32–37, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0190-32. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
COPI, I.; COHEN, C. Introduction to Logic. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005.
DAVIES, D. Thought experiments and fictional narratives. Croatian Journal of Philosophy, [s. l.], v. 7, n. 20, p. 125-161, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/croatjphil20077129. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
DENNETT, D. C. Intuition pumps and other tools for thinking. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013.
ELGIN, C. Fiction as thought experiment. Perspectives on Science, [s. l.], v. 22, n. 2, p. 221–241, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/POSC_a_00128. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
FORGE, J. Thought Experiments in The Philosophy of Physical Science. In: HOROWITZ, T.; MASSEY, G. (ed.). Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Savage: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1991. p. 209–222.
GENDLER, T. S. Galileo and the indispensability of scientific thought experiment. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 49, n. 3, p. 397–424, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/49.3.397. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
GENDLER, T. S. Thought experiments rethought and reperceived. Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 71, n. 5, p. 1152–1163, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/425039. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
GIGERENZER, G.; TODD, P. M. Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
GOODING, D. What is experimental about thought experiments? In: HULL, D.; FORBES, M.; OKRUHLIK, K. (ed.). PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers. JSTOR, [s. l.], p. 280–290, 1992. http://www.jstor.org/stable/192842. Acesso em: 12 set. 2024.
GOODING, D. Imaginary science. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 45, n. 4, p. 1029–1045, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/45.4.1029. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
GOVIER, T. A Practical Study of Argument. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2010.
HÄGGQVIST, S. Thought Experiments in Philosophy. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1996.
HITCHCOCK, D. Informal Logic and The Concept of Argument. In: On Reasoning and Argument. Argumentation Library, v 30. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53562-3_29. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
IRVINE, A. D. On the Nature of Thought Experiments in Scientific Reasoning. In: HOROWITZ, T.; MASSEY, G. (ed.). Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Savage: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1991. p. 149–165.
JOHNSON, R. H. Manifest rationality: A pragmatic theory of argument. Argumentation, [s. l.], v. 15, p. 231–237, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011111203624. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
KAHNEMAN, D. Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.
KUHN, T. S. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
MCHUGH, C.; WAY, J. Against the taking condition. Philosophical Issues, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 314–331, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/phis.12074. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
MERCIER, H.; SPERBER, D. Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, [s. l.], v. 34, n. 2, p. 57–74, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000968. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
MILLER, A. I. Imagery in scientific thought: Creating 20th-century physics. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1984.
MIŠČEVIĆ, N. Mental models and thought experiments. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 6, n. 3, p. 215–226, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02698599208573432. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
MIŠČEVIĆ, N. Modelling intuitions and thought experiments. Croatian Journal of Philosophy, [s. l.], v. 7, n. 20, p. 181-214, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/croatjphil20077218. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
NERSESSIAN, N. J. How do scientists think? Capturing the dynamics of conceptual change in science. In: GIERE, R. (ed.). Cognitive models of science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. p. 3–45.
NERSESSIAN, N. J. Thought experimenting as mental modeling. Croatian Journal of Philosophy, [s. l.], v. 7, n. 20, p. 125-161, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/croatjphil20077215. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
NORTON, J. D. Thought experiments in Einstein’s work. In: HOROWITZ, T.; MASSEY, G. (ed.). Thought experiments in science and philosophy. Savage: Rowman & Littlefield, 1991. p. 129–148.
NORTON, J. D. Are thought experiments just what you thought? Canadian Journal of Philosophy, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 3, p. 333–366, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717457. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
NORTON, J. D. On thought experiments: Is there more to the argument? Philosophy of Science, [s. l.], v. 71, n. 5, p. 1139–1151, 2004a. https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/PSA_2002_te.pdf. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2024.
NORTON, J. D. Why thought experiments do not transcend empiricism. In: HITCHCOCK, C. (ed.). Contemporary debates in the philosophy of science. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004b. p. 44–66.
NORTON, J. D. The Material Theory of Induction. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv25wxcb5. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
POLANYI, M. The tacit dimension. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1966.
REICHENBACH, H. Experience and prediction: An analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938.
RESCHER, N. Thought Experimentation in Presocratic Philosophy. In: HOROWITZ, T.; MASSEY, G. (ed.). Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Savage: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1991. p. 31–41.
RODRIGUES, T. V. Revisiting knowledge from Falsehood. Veritas, Porto Alegre, v. 62, n. 3, p. 705–724, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2017.3.28610. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
RODRIGUES, T. V.; NITSCHE, R. S. New Problems for the Argument View of Thought Experiments. In: ALVES, E. (ed.). Socratically: A Festschrift in Honor of Claudio de Almeida. Porto Alegre: EdiPUCRS, 2021.
SEARLE, J. R. Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, [s. l.], v. 3, n. 3, p. 417–424, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005756. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
SORENSEN, R. Thought Experiments. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
THOMSON, J. J. A defense of abortion. Philosophy & Public Affairs, [s. l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 47–66, 1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6561-1_6. Acesso em: jun. 2026.
WILLIAMSON, T. The philosophy of philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Veritas (Porto Alegre)

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.





