Oposição de forças: as assimetrias contextuais entre violência (βία) e influência (ἰσχύς) no poema de Parmênides

Viviane Veloso Pereira Rodegheri

doi:10.15448/1984-6746.2026.1.48622

Authors

Viviane Veloso Pereira Rodegheri Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-8774

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2026.1.48622

Keywords:

strengh, violence, influence, discernment, ethics, Parmenides

Abstract

In B 7,3, the goddess of Parmenides' poem wishes the multi-experienced habit not to force (biásthō) the young mortal to a path that does not exist. On the other hand, when indicating in B 8,12 that faith is linked to force (iskhýs), the philosopher uses another term to express a similar idea. What are the meanings that these words can assume given the fact that Parmenides chose to adopt them in different ways when referring to force? The present article aims to argue that such preferences are not random, but depend on the context in which they are submerged. Indeed, while on the first occasion it is possible to identify an appeal to brute force as a form of violence, on the second opportunity in which the notion of “force” is revealed Parmenides uses the term “iskhýs”, which is connected to properties such as “power ”, “validity” or “duty”. In both cases, the initiated young mortal constitutes an agent of actions that is impacted by force differently.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Viviane Veloso Pereira Rodegheri, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.

PhD candidate in philosophy at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (PPGF-UFRJ). Member of the Brazilian Society for Classical Studies (SBEC), the Classical Philosophy Study Group of the Ousia Laboratory, the Ancient Philosophy and Tradition Study Group Zétesis, and Pragma – the Ancient Philosophy Studies Program at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

References

ANNÉE, M. Parménide : fragments du poème (précédé de « Ennoncer le verbe être »). Paris : Vrin, 2012.

BAILLY, A. Dictionnaire grec-français. Paris: Hachette, 1950.

BALAUDÉ, J.-F. Le vocabulaire des Présocratiques. Paris : Ellipses, 2011.

BEAUFRET, J. Parménide : le poème. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1991.

BLAY, M. Grand Dictionnaire de la Philosophie. Montréal : Larousse: VUEF, 2003.

BÖLTING, R. Dicionário Grego-Português. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1953.

BRÉMOND, M. Léctures de Mélissos : édition, tradution et interprétation des témoignages sur Mélissos de Samos. Berlin: Studia Praesocratica, 2017.

BRUNSCHWIG, J.; LLOYD, G.; PELLEGRIN, P. Le Savoir Grec : dictionnaire critique. Paris : Flammarion, 1996.

CASTON, V. ; GRAHAM, D. Presocratic Philosophy : essays in honour of Alexander Mourelatos. New York : Routlegde, 2016.

CERRI, G. et al. Dall’universo-blocco all’atomo nella scuola di Elea: Parmenide, Zenone, Leucippo. A cura di Massimo Pulpito e Sofia Ranzato con il sostegno della Fondazione Alario per Elea-Velia. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2018.

CHERUBIN, Rose. Light, Night and the Opinions of Mortals: Parmenides B8 51-61 and B9. Ancient Philosophy, [s. l.], v. 25, issue 1, p. 1-23, 2005. Disponível em: https://www.pdcnet.org/ancientphil/content/ancientphil_2005_0025_0001_0001_0024. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2021.

CONCHE, M. Parménide. Le poème : fragments. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1996.

CORDERO, N. Em Parmênides, “Tertium non Datur”. Anais de Filosofia Clássica, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-13, 2007. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/FilosofiaClassica/article/download/17075/10430/37960. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

CORDERO, N. Les deux chemins de Parménide dans les fragments 6 et 7. Phronesis, [s. l.], v. XXIV, n. I, p. 1-32, 1979. Disponível em : https://www.jstor.org/stable/4182054?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

CORNFORD, F. M. Plato and Parmenides: Parmenides’ Way of Truth and Plato’s Parmenides. London: Trubner & Company, 1939.

COXON, A. H. The Fragments of Parmenides. Las Vegas : Parmenides Publishing, 2009.

CURD, P. Thinking, Supposing, and Physis in Parmenides. Dossier Platon et la physis. Études Platoniciennes, [s. l.], p. 1-14, 2015. Disponível em: https://journals.openedition.org/etudesplatoniciennes/741. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.

DIELS, H. ; KRANZ, W. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. Zurich : Weidmann, 1992.

FATTAL, M. Du Bien et de la Crise : Platon, Parménide et Paul de Tarse. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2016.

FATTAL, M. Raison Critique et crise chez Parménide d’Elée. In : PULPITO, M. ; SPANGENBERG, P. (org.). ὁδοὶ νοῆσαι: Ways to Think. Essays in Honour of Néstor-Luis Cordero. Barcelona : Axiothéa, 2018.

FRÈRE, J. Parménide ou le souci du vrai. Paris : Éditions Kimé, 2012.

GRAHAM, D. The Metaphysics of Parmenides’ Doxa and its Influence. Anais de Filosofia Clássica, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 28, p. 36-58, 2020. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/FilosofiaClassica/article/view/38783/23362. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

GUTHRIE, W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy. v. II. London: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

HERÓDOTO. História. Tradução de Pierre Henri Larcher. Reedição de 1950. Rio de Janeiro: Clássicos Jackson, 2006.

HESÍODO. Teogonia. Tradução de Jaa Torrano. São Paulo: Iluminuras, 2007.

HOMERO. Ilíada. Tradução de Frederico Lourenço. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2003.

HOMERO. Odisseia. Tradução de Carlos Alberto Nunes. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2015.

KAHN, C. Algumas questões controversas na interpretação de Parmênides. Anais de Filosofia Clássica, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, n. 2, p. 33-45, 2007. Disponível em: https://share.google/d1bJjpyEVUUAG8RXg. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

KIRK, G. S.; RAVEN, J. E.; SCHOFIELD, M. Les philosophes présocratiques. Fribourg : Université de Fribourg /Editions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse, 1995.

LAKS, A. ; MOST, G. W. Early Greek Philosophy : Western Greek Thinkers (part. 2). Edited by Jeffrey Henderson. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library (Havard College), 2016.

LAKS, A. What is Pre-Socratic Ethics ? In : BOBONICH, C. The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

LESHER, J. H. Parmenides on Knowing What-is and What-is-not. Anais de Filosofia Clássica, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 28, p. 59-80, 2020. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/FilosofiaClassica/article/view/38781/23345. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

LIDDELL, H. G.; SCOTT, R.; JONES, S. H. S. A Greek English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

MANSFELD, J. Parménide et Héraclite avaient-ils une théorie de la perception ? Phronesis, [s. l.], v. 44, n. 4, p. 326-346, 1999. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4182627?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

MOURELATOS, A. The Route of Parmenides : revised and expanded edition. Las Vegas: Parmenides Publishing, 2008.

O’ BRIEN, D. Pour interpréter Empédocle. Paris : Les Belles Lettres, 1981.

O’BRIEN, D. (en colaboration avec Jean Frère). Note III : Les modalités du possible, de l’impossible et du nécessaire dans le discours de la déesse. In : AUBENQUE, P. Études sur Parménide. Tome I : Le poème de Parménide. Paris : Vrin, 1987. p. 278-302.

PALMER, J. Parmenides & Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2009.

PINHEIRO, M. R. Plotino, exegeta de Platão e Parmênides. Anais de Filosofia Clássica, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, n. 2, p. 70-82, 2007. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/FilosofiaClassica/article/download/17066/10389. Acesso em: 7 dez. 2024.

RAMNOUX, C. Études Présocratiques II, suivies d’Études mythologiques ou De la légende à la sagesse. Paris : Klincksieck, 1983.

ROSSETTI, L. Mondo vero e mondo falso in Parmenide. In : PULPITO, M. ; SPANGENBERG, P. (org.). ὁδοὶ νοῆσαι: Ways to Think. Essays in Honour of Néstor-Luis Cordero. Barcelona: Axiothéa, 2018.

SANTORO, F. A Lua, Vênus e as Estrelas. In: PULPITO, M.; SPANGENBERG, P. ὁδοὶ νοῆσαι: Ways to Think. Essays in Honour of Néstor-Luis Cordero. Barcelona: Axiothéa, 2018.

SANTORO, F. Filósofos Épicos I : Parmênides e Xenófanes – fragmentos. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Biblioteca Nacional, 2011.

SEDLEY, D. Parmenides and Melissus. In : LONG, A.A. The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999.

SOUZA, J. C. Os Pré-Socráticos. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1973.

STANNARD, J. Parmenidean Logic. The Philosophical Review, Durham, n. 4, p 527-533, 1960. Disponível em : https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183487?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Acesso em: 3 dez. 2020.

TANNERY, P. Pour l’Histoire de la Science Hellène : de Thalès à Empédocle. 2ème éd. Paris: Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1930.

THANASSAS, P. Ontology and Doxa: On Parmenides’ Dual Strategies. Anais de Filosofia Clássica, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 28, p. 217-249, 2020. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/FilosofiaClassica/article/view/38766/23356. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2024.

VLASTOS, G. Parmenides’ Theory of Knowledge. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, [s. l.], v. 77, p. 66-77, 1946. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/283445?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2023.