Models of Self and Emotional Expressions in Infants: Conceptions of Mothers and Other Caregivers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2014.1.13768Keywords:
Emotional development. Infants. |Autonomy. Beliefs (nonreligious). Caregivers.Abstract
This study investigated socialization goals that express expectations and objectives related to the child's emotional development by mothers, grandmothers, nannies and childcare workers. The 120 participants filled out questionnaires and statistical tests were performed. The results showed that among mothers, 60% believed that children should learn to control emotions during the first three years, while 60% of the other caregivers, no. All of them found important a child smile, and over 90% believed that when smiling it´s more important for a child to express her/his emotions than to be friendly. Joy was nominated as the emotion that earlier a child manifests. There were statistically significant differences between the profiles in relation to the emergence of disgust F (1,117) = 3.92, surprise F (1,118) = 6.78, interest F (1,118) = 4.30, and distress F (1,117) = 4, 97. These results are discussed in terms of the appreciation of emotional expression in children, associated with trends for socialization according to a model of self autonomous or relational.
Downloads
References
Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., & Crnic, K. (2011). Emotion socialization by mothers and fathers: coherence among behaviors and associations with parent attitudes and children’s social competence. Social Development, 20(2), 103-114. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00585.x
Camras, L. A., Bakeman, R., Chen, Y., Norris. K., & Cain, T. R. (2006). Culture, ethnicity, and children’s facial expressions: a study of european american, mainland chinese, chinese american, and adopted chinese girls. American Psychological Association, 6(1), 103-114. DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.103
Chan, S. M. (2011). Mothers’ construal of self and emotion socialisation goals. Early Education & Development, 181(5), 613-624. DOI: 10.1080/03004431003671820
Chan, S. M., Bowes J., & Wyver, S. (2009). Parenting Style as a Context for Emotion Socialization. Early Education & Development, 20(4), 631-656. DOI: 10.1080/10409280802541973
Dunsmore, J. C., Her, P., Halberstadt, A. G., Perez-Rivera, M. B. (2009). Parents’ beliefs about emotions and children’s recognition of parents’ emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(2), 121-140.
Eisenberg, N. Spinrad, A., & Cumberland, T. L. (1998). Parental Socialization of Emotion. Psychologycal Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3-4), 169-200.
Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed: recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. NY: Times Books.
Greenfield, P. M.; Flores, A.; Davis, H., & Salimkhan, G. (2008). What happens when parents and nannies come from different cultures? Comparing the caregiving belief systems of nannies and their employers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 326-336.
Izard, C. E. (1997). Emotions and facial expressions: A perspective from differential emotions theory. In J. A. Russell, & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.). The psychology of facial expression (pp. 57-77). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kagitçibasi, C. (2007). Family, Self, and Human Development Across Cultures. Londres: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Kagitçibasi, C. (2011). Sociocultural Change and Integrative Syntheses in Human Development: Autonomous-Related Self and Social-Cognitive Competence. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 5-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00208.x
Keller, H. (2007). Cultures of infancy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Keller, H., Lamm, B., Abels, M., Yovsi, R., Borke, J., Jensen, H. et al. (2006). Cultural Models, Socialization Goals, and Parenting Ethnotheories: A Multicultural Analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(2), 155-172. DOI: 10.1177/ 0022022105284494
Keller, H., Borke, J., Yovsi, R., Lohaus, A., H. Jensen (2005). Cultural orientations and historical changes as predictors of parenting behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 229-237. DOI: 10.1177/01650250544000017
Keller, H., Otto, H. (2009). The Cultural Socialization of Emotion Regulation During Infancy. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(6), 996-1011. DOI: 10.1177/0022022109348576
Lewis, M. (2010). The Emergence of Human Emotions. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones & L. F. Barrett (Eds.) Handbook of Emotions (3nd ed.) (pp. 304-319). New York: The Guilford Publications.
LoBue, V. (2013). What Are We So Afraid of? How Early Attention Shapes Our Most Common Fears. Child Development Perspectives, 7(1), 38-42. DOI: 10.1177/0022022109348576
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Martins, G. D. F., & Vieira, M. (2010). Desenvolvimento humano e cultura: integração entre filogênese, ontogênese e contexto sociocultural. Estudos de Psicologia, 15(1), 63-70.
Matsumoto, D., Willingham, B., & Olide, A. (2009). Sequential dynamics of culturally-moderated facial expressions of emotion. Psychological Science, 20(10), 1269-1274.
Mendes, D. M. L. F. (2009). As expressões emocionais e o desenvolvimento inicial. In M. L. Seidl-de-Moura, D. M. L. F. Mendes & L. F. Pessôa (Orgs.). Interação Social e Desenvolvimento (pp. 71-85). Campinas: Editora CRV.
Mendes, D. M. L. F., Seidl-de-Moura, M. L., & Siqueira, J. O. (2009). The ontogenesis of smiling and its association with mothers’ affective behaviors: a longitudinal data. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(4), 445-453.
DOI:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.07.004
Mendes, D. M. L. F., & Seidl-de-Moura (2009a). Expressões faciais de emoção em bebês: importância e evidências. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 2, 307-327.
Mendes, D. M. L. F., & Seidl-de-Moura (2009b). O sorriso humano: aspectos universais, inatos e os determinantes culturais. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 61(1), 109-120.
Messinger, D., Dondi, M., Nelson-Goens, G. C., Beghi, A., Fogel, A., & Simion, F. (2002). How sleeping neonates smile. Developmental Science, 5, 48-54.
Mirabile, S. P., Scaramella, L. V., R., Sohr-Preston, S. L., Robison, S. D. (2008). Mothers’ Socialization of Emotion Regulation: The Moderating Role of Children’s Negative Emotional Reactivity. Child Youth Care Forum, 38, 19-37. DOI: 10.1007/s10566-008-9063-5
Reissland, N. & Shepherd, J. (2002). Gaze direction and maternal pitch in surprise-eliciting situations. Infant Behavior & Development, 24, 408-417.
Seidl-de-Moura, M. L., Lordelo, E., Vieira, M. L., Piccinnini, C. A., Siqueira, J. e O., Magalhães, C. M. C. et al. (2008). Brazilian mothers’ socialization goals: intracultural differences in seven cities. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(6), 465-472.
Seidl-de-Moura, M. L., Bandeira, T. T., de Marca, R. G. da C., Pessôa, L. F., Mendes, D. M. L. F., Vieira, M. L. et al. (2012). Self-recognition and self-regulation: the relationship with socialization trajectories and children’s sex. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 604-612.
Stenberg, C. R., Campos, J. J., & Emde, R. N. (1983). The facial expression of anger in seven-month-old infants. Child Development, 54, 178-184.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright
The submission of originals to Psico implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Psico as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.
