Journalists exposed and vulnerable: digital attacks as a form of professional risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-3729.2018.3.29210Keywords:
Digital Risks. Surveillance of communications. Privacy of journalists.Abstract
Journalism is a risky activity, and its exercise can affect physical integrity, mental health and social and professional coexistence. Other recent dangers of the digital ecosystem add to physical aggression, death and persecution. However, it is necessary to watch cases of invasion of privacy, surveillance and other violations. Can we say that there are digital risks to the journalistic activity? What types? How are they works? To answer, we resorted to bibliographical and documentary research. We have analyzed 80 reports of attacks on journalists and attacks on press freedom from nine NGO. They are reports recognized by journalists and media, and that allow the formulation of policies for the sector and the improvement of the market. The corpus covers the period 2001-2016, and its analysis is made from categories of attacks that we elaborate from the bibliography in the area. In the end, with the definition of digital risk that we suggest and the description of these attacks, we aim to contribute to raising awareness of these new threats.
Downloads
References
ARTÍCULO 19. Guía de Seguridad digital y de la información para periodistas, 2013. Disponível em: <http://coberturaderiesgo.articulo19.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/guia_seguridad_digital.pdf>
BAUMAN, Zygmunt. Vigilância Líquida: Diálogos com David Lyon. Rio Janeiro: Zahar, 2014.
BAUMAN, Zygmunt at al. Após Snowden: Repensando o Impacto da Vigilância. Revista ECO PÓS. v. 18, n. 3, Rio de Janeiro. p. 8-35. 2015. Disponível em: https://goo.gl/TTkVUA. Acesso em: 12 mar. 2018.
BELL, Emily. OWEN, Taylor (org.). Journalism After Snowden: The Future of Free Press in the Surveillance State. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.
BRADSHAW, P. Chiling Effect: Regional journalists’ source protection and information security. Digital Journalism, 2016.
BREVINI, B.; HINTZ, A.; MCCURDY, P. Beyond WikiLeaks: implications for the future of communications, journalism and society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
BÜCHI, M.; JUST, N.; LATZER, M. Caring is not enough: the importance of Internet skills for online privacy protection. Information, Communication and Society, 2016.
CARLO, S.; KAMPHUIS, A. Information Security for Journalists. The Centre for Investigative Journalism: London, 2014.
CHRISTOFOLETTI, R.; TORRES, R. J. . Orientações e inflexões sobre privacidade em manuais internacionais de ética jornalística. In: COSTA, Cristina. (Org.). Privacidade, Sigilo e Compartilhamento. 1ed.São Paulo: ECA/USP, 2017, v. 1, p. 104-111.
CHRISTOFOLETTI, Rogério. Privacidade como dimensão problemática da alteridade: análise de dez dicionários de jornalismo. Brazilian Journalism Research, Vol. 13, nº 2, agosto de 2017, pp. 96-119.
CHRISTOFOLETTI, Rogério. Privacidade: o que podemos esperar quando não podemos mais esperar? IN: CHRISTOFOLETTI, Rogério (org.) Questões para um jornalismo em crise. Florianópolis: Insular, 2015, pp. 233-248.
COMMITTEE FOR JOURNALIST PROTECTION. Seguridad de la información. Manual de Seguridad para Periodistas, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.cpj.org/es/2012/04/seguridad-de-la-informacin.php>
DAGAN, M. Online privacy for journalists: a must-have guide for journalism in 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.vpnmentor.com/journalist-privacy-guide.pdf>
DÍAZ, M. Agressiones a periodistas: periodismo, libertad de expresión y seguridad digital. Disponível em: <https://www.derechosdigitales.org/11196/periodismo-libertad-de-expresion-y-seguridad-digital/> Acesso em 16 de novembro de 2017.
FERNANDEZ, N.; MANCINI, P. CryptoPeriodismo. Manual Ilustrado Para Periodistas. Disponível em <http://cryptoperiodismo.org>
FUNDACIÓN PARA LA LIBERTAD DE PRENSA. Manual Antiespías: herramientas para la protección digital de periodistas. 2015.
GOLDFARB, R. (ed.). After Snowden: privacy, secrecy, and security in the information age. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015.
GREENBERG, A. This machine kills secrets. Virgin Books, 2012.
GREENWALD, G. Sem lugar para se esconder. Rio de Janeiro: Sextante, 2014.
GUARDIAN NEWS AND MEDIA; INFORMATION LAW AND POLICY CENTRE. Protecting sources and whistleblowers in a digital era. London, 2017. Disponível em: <https://clip.blogs.sas.ac.uk/files/2017/02/Sources-Report_webversion_22_2_17.pdf>
HARDING, L. Os arquivos Snowden. Rio de Janeiro: Leya, 2014.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR JOURNALISTS. The State of Technology in Global Newsrooms. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/ICFJTechSurveyFINAL.pdf
JENKINS, Henry; FORD, Sam; GREEN, Joshua. Cultura da Conexão: Criando valor e significado por meio da mídia propagável. São Paulo, Aleph, 2014.
LYON, David. Surveillance Culture: Engagement, Exposure, and Ethics in Digital Modernity. International Journal of Communication, Vol. 11, 2017, pp. 824-842. Disponível em: https://goo.gl/ARwPTG.
MARTINS, Paulo. O público em privado: direito à informação e direitos de personalidade. Coimbra: Almedina, 2013.
MARX. Gary T. Windows into the Soul: Surveillance and Society in an Age of High Technology. Chicago: Chicago Press, 2016.
MCSTAY, Andrew. Privacy and the media. Los Angeles/London: Sage, 2017.
MOORE, A.A. (ed.) Privacy, Security and accountability: ethics, law and policy. London-New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
NISSENBAUM, Helen. Privacy in context: technology, policy and integrity of social life. Stanford: Stanford Law Book, 2010.
PAVLIK, John V. Ubiquidade: O 7.º princípio do jornalismo na era digital. IN: CANAVILHAS, João (org.) Webjornalismo: 7 caraterísticas que marcam a diferença. Covilhã: LabCom, 2014, pp. 159-184.
PEÑA OCHOA, P. ¿Cómo funciona Internet? Nodos críticos desde una perspectiva de los derechos. Guía para periodistas. Santiago de Chile: ONG Derechos Digitales, 2013. Disponível em < https://www.derechosdigitales.org/wp-content/uploads/Comofunciona-internet-ebook.pdf >
RAMOS, J.G. Journalist Security in the Digital World: a Survey. Are We using the right tools? Center for International Media Assistance, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.cima.ned.org/resource/journalist-security-in-the-digital-world/
REPÓRTERES SEM FRONTEIRAS. Censura e vigilância de jornalistas: um negócio sem escrúpulos, 2017. Disponível em <https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/rapport_cs_pt_v2-2.pdf>
RICHARDS, Neil M. Four privacy miths. IN: SARAT, A. A world without privacy: what law can and should do? NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015
RUBY, F.; GOGGIN, G.; KEANE, J. Comparative Silence still? Journalism, academia, and the Five Eyes of Edward Snowden (2016). Digital Journalism.
SALAVERRÍA, Ramón. Multimedialidade: Informar para cinco sentidos. IN: CANAVILHAS, João (org.) Webjornalismo: 7 caraterísticas que marcam a diferença. Covilhã: LabCom, 2014, pp. 25-52.
SIERRA, J. L. Manual de seguridad digital y móvil para periodistas y blogueros. International Center For Journalists & Freedom House, 2013. Disponível em <https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Manual%20de%20seguridad%20web%20Imprenta%20Final.pdf>
TAYLOR, L.; FLORIDI, L.; SLOOT, B. (eds.) Group Privacy: new challenges of data technology. Oxford: Springer, 2017.
WASSERMAN, E. Safeguarding the News in the Era of Disruptive Sources. Journal of Media Ethics, 2017, vol. 32, nº 2, p.72-85.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright
The submission of originals to Revista Famecos implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Revista Famecos as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.
