The World Bank’s Market Assisted Land Reform in South Africa and Brazil (1994-2002)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-864X.2017.1.25176Keywords:
World Bank, agrarian reform, land market, neoliberalism, rural povertyAbstract
The paper analyzes the World Bank’s "market-assisted land reform" (MALR), addressing its rationality, the political agenda to which it belonged and the results of its implementation in South Africa and Brazil. After identifying it as part of the broader process of updating the neoliberal agenda articulated in the mid-1990s, the article discusses the World Bank’s agrarian program and details its components, including the MALR. It then summarizes both the criticism of the Bank to redistributive agrarian reforms of the past, based on land expropriation by the state, as well as the supposed advantages of MALR. It also discusses the political intentions that guided its implementation and analyzes the socio-economic and political results of MALR in both countries.
Downloads
References
AIYAR, Swaminathan et al. Market-Assisted Land Reform: a New Solution to Old Problems. Washington, DC: The World Bank, AGR Dissemination Notes, nº 4, 1995a.
______. Market-Assisted Land Reform: Helping Solve a Debt Crisis. Washington, DC: The World Bank, AGR Dissemination Notes, nº 5, 1995b.
ALTIMIR, Oscar. Desigualdad, empleo y pobreza em América Latina: efectos del ajuste y del cambio en el estilo de desarrollo. Desarrollo Económico, vol. 37, n. 145, 1997. p. 4-30.
BANERJEE, Abhijit. Land Reforms: Prospects and Strategies. Cambridge, MIT, Department of Economics, Working Paper 99-24, October, 1999.
BERNSTEIN, Henry. South Africa's Agrarian Question: Extreme or Exceptional? Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 23, n. 2, 1996. p. 1-52.
BINSWANGER, Hans; DEININGER, Klaus. South African Land Policy: The Legacy of History and Current Options. World Development, vol. 21, n. 9, 1993. p. 1451-1475.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(93)90127-U
BINSWANGER, Hans; VAN ZYL, Johan. "Market Assisted Rural Land Reform: How Will is Work?". In: VAN ZYL, Johan; KIRSTEN, Johann; BINSWANGER, Hans (eds) Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa: Policies, Markets and Mechanisms. Draft Manuscript, 1995.
BOBROW-STRAIN, Aaron. (Dis)Accords: The Politics of Market-Assisted Land Reforms in Chiapas, Mexico. World Development, vol. 32, n. 6, 2004. p. 887-903.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.01.007
BOND, Patrick. Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa. Cape Town: Pluto Press, Second Edition, 2014.
BORRAS Jr., Saturnino M. Can Redistributive Reform be Achieved via Market-Based Voluntary Land Transfer Schemes? Evidence and Lessons from the Philippines. The Journal of Development Studies, vol. 41, n.1, 2005. p. 90-134.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0022038042000276581
______. Questioning Market-Led Agrarian Reform: Experiences from Brazil, Colombia and South Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change, vol. 3, July, 2003. p. 367-394.
______. Pro-Poor Land Reform: A Critique. Ottawa: The University of Ottawa Press, 2007.
BRANDÃO, Wilson. A reforma agrária solidária no Ceará. In: LEITE, Pedro S. (org.) Reforma agrária e desenvolvimento sustentável. Brasília: MDA/CNDRS/NEAD, Paralelo 15, 2000.
BUAINAIN, Antônio M. et al. Estudo de avaliação de impactos do programa Cédula da Terra. Brasília: UNICAMP/NEAD/MDA, relatório final (circulação restrita), novembro, 2003.
______. et al. Relatório preliminar de avaliação do Projeto Cédula da Terra. Brasília: UNICAMP/NEAD/MEPF, junho, 1999.
BURKI, Shahid Javed; EDWARDS, Sebastian. Dismantling the Populist State: the Unfinished Revolution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1996.
BURKI, Shahid Javed; PERRY, Guillermo. Más allá del Consenso de Washington. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1998.
______. The Long March: a Reform Agenda for Latin America and the Caribbean in the Next Decade. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997.
CAMMACK, Paul. What the World Bank means by poverty reduction and why it matters. New Political Economy, vol. 9, n. 2, 2004. p. 189-211.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1356346042000218069
CARVALHO Fº, José Juliano. Política agrária do governo FHC: desenvolvimento rural e a Nova Reforma Agrária. In: LEITE, Sérgio (org.) Políticas públicas e agricultura no Brasil. Porto Alegre: EdUFRGS, 2001. p. 193-224.
CGRA – Campa-a Global por la Reforma Agrária. Comentario sobre las políticas de tierra y desarrollo rural del Banco Mundial. Disponível em: http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=631. 28 de abril de 2004.
CHRISTIANSEN, Robert; VAN DEN BRINK, Rogier. South African Agriculture: Structure, Performance and Options for the Future. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Southern Africa Department, 1994.
CONGOST, Rosa. Tierras, leyes, historia: estudios sobre "la gran obra de la propiedad". Barcelona: Crítica, 2007.
COURVILLE, Michael; ROSSET, Peter; PATEL, Raj (eds.) Promised Land: Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform. Oakland: Institute for Food & Development Policy, 2006.
CRAIG, David; PORTER, Doug. Development Beyond Neoliberalism? Governance, Poverty Reduction and Political Economy. New York, Routledge, 2006.
DAVIS, Mike. Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006.
DEININGER, Klaus; BINSWANGER, Hans. The Evolution of the World Bank's Land Policy: Principles, Experience and Future Challenges. The World Bank Research Observer, vol. 14, n. 2, 1999. p. 247-275.
https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/14.2.247
DEININGER, Klaus et al. 'Market-Friendly' Land Redistribution in South Africa: Lessons from the First Five Years. Texto apresentado na Global Development Network Conference, Bridging Knowledge and Policy, Bonn, December, 1999.
DEININGER, Klaus; FEDER, Gershon. Instituciones y política de tierras: mesajes fundamentales del Informe de la Investigación sobre política. Texto apresentado no Taller regional sobre asuntos de tierras en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, Pachuca, Hidalgo, mayo, 2002.
DEININGER, Klaus; MAY, Julian. Is There Scope for Growth with Equity? The Case of Land Reform in South Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Working Paper nº 2451, 2000.
DEININGER, Klaus. Política y administración de tierras: lecciones recogidas y nuevos desafíos para la agenda de desarrollo del Banco Mundial. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2001.
DE JANVRY, Alain; SADOULET, Elisabeth. Access to land and land policy reforms. In: DE JANVRY, Alain et al. (eds.) Access to Land, Rural Poverty, and Public Action. London: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 1-26.
De JANVRY, Alain. The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America. Baltmore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
De SOTO, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
DORNER, Peter. Latin American Land Reforms in Theory and Practice: A Retrospective Analysis. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.
DRIVER, Thackwray. South African Land Reform and the Global Development Industry. African Studies Quarterly, vol. 9, n. 4, 2007. p. 63-79.
EDWARDS, Sebastian. El mal desempe-o de las economías latinoamericanas. Estudios Públicos, 67, 1997. p. 1-12.
El-Ghonemy, M. Riad. The political economy of market-based land reform. In: GUIMIRE, Krishna (ed.) Land Reform and Peasant Livelihoods: the Social Dynamics of Rural Poverty and Agrarian Reforms in Developing Countries. London: ITDG Publishing, 2001. p. 105-133.
https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780443577.005
EVERINGHAM, Mark. Direitos de propriedade e cidadania em sociedades pós-conflito: uma comparação entre Guatemala e África do Sul. Contexto Internacional, vol. 24, n. 1, 2002. p. 167-198.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-85292002000100004
FAJARDO, Darío. Las guerras de la agricultura colombiana (1980-2010). Bogotá: ILSA, 2014.
FOX, Jonathan. The Politics of Food in Mexico: State Power and Social Mobilization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992.
GAUSTER, Susana. Aplicação das políticas agrárias do Banco Mundial na Guatemala (1996-2005). In: SAUER, Sérgio; PEREIRA, João M. M. (orgs.) Capturando a terra: Banco Mundial, políticas fundiárias neoliberais e reforma agrária de mercado. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2006. p. 77-102.
GORDILLO, Gustavo. Economía política de los derechos de propiedad de las instituciones agrarias en América Latina. Texto apresentado no Taller regional sobre asuntos de tierras en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, Pachuca, Hidalgo, maio, 2002.
HALL, Ruth. A political economy of land reform in South Africa. Review of African Political Economy, vol. 31, n. 100, 2004. p. 213-227.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0305624042000262257
JARAMILLO, Carlos Felipe. El mercado rural de tierras en América Latina: hacia una nueva estrategia. In: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Perspectivas sobre mercados de tierras rurales en América Latina. Informe Técnico nº 124, División de Medio Ambiente, 1998.
KGWADI, Elizabeth; NEFALE, Michael. Los impactos negativos de la reforma agraria baseada en el mercado del Banco Mundial: un estudio del caso sudafricano. In: BARROS, Flávia et al. (orgs) Os impactos negativos da política de reforma agrária de mercado do Banco Mundial. Brasília: Rede Brasil, 2003.
LAHIFF, Edward. 'Willing Buyer, Willing Seller': South Africa's Failed Experiment in Market-Led Agrarian Reform. Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, n. 8, Special Issue, 2007. p. 1577-1597.
LEITE, Sérgio P. et al. Impactos dos assentamentos. Um estudo sobre o meio rural brasileiro. São Paulo: Editora da Unesp/Nead, 2004.
MEDEIROS, Leonilde S.; LEITE, Sérgio P. (orgs). A formação dos assentamentos rurais no Brasil. Processos sociais e políticas públicas. Porto Alegre: Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2ª edição, 2009.
MEDEIROS, Leonilde S. Social Movements and the Experience of Market-Led Agrarian Reform in Brazil. Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, n. 8, 2007. p. 1501-1518.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590701637359
MOLINA, Javier. Acceso a la tierra por medio del mercado: experiencias de bancos de tierras en Centroamérica. Estudios Agrarios, n. 16, 2001. p. 11-38.
PEREIRA, João M. M. A política de reforma agrária de mercado do Banco Mundial: fundamentos, objetivos, contradições e perspectivas. São Paulo: Hucitec, 2010.
______. Assaltando a pobreza: política e doutrina econômica na história do Banco Mundial (1944-2014). Revista de História (USP), n. 174, 2016. p. 235-265.
PUTZEL, James. A Captive Land: the Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1992.
ROSSET, Peter. Alternativa à política fundiária de mercado: reforma agrária e soberania alimentar, In: SAUER, Sérgio; PEREIRA, João M. M. (org.). Capturando a terra: Banco Mundial, políticas fundiárias neoliberais e reforma agrária de mercado. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2006. p. 311-341.
SAUER, Sérgio. A terra por uma cédula: a reforma agrária de mercado do Banco Mundial no Brasil. In: BARROS, Flávia; SAUER, Sérgio; SCHWARTZMAN, Stephan (orgs.) Os impactos negativos da política de reforma agrária de mercado do Banco Mundial. Brasília: Rede Brasil sobre Organizações Financeiras Multilaterais/MST/Via Campesina/FIAN/Environmental Defense/CPT, 2003.
SIHLONGONYANE, Mfaniseni Fana. La ocupación de tierras en Sudáfrica. In: MOYO, Sam; YEROS, Paris (orgs.) Recuperando la tierra. El resurgimiento de movimientos rurales en África, Asia y América Latina. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2008. p. 157-180.
SOBHAN, Rehman. Agrarian Reform and Social Transformation: Preconditions for Development. London: Zed Books, 1993.
SPOOR, Max. The "Market Panacea": Agrarian Transformation in Developing Countries and Former Socialist Economies. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780445441
_____. The Political Economy of Rural Livelihoods in Transition Economies: Land, Peasants and Rural Poverty in Transition. New York: Routledge, 2010.
THIESENHUSEN, William. Broken Promises: Agrarian Reform and the Latin American Campesino. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
TILLEY, Susan. An Examination of Market-Assisted Agrarian Reform in South Africa. Commissioned by the International Union of Foodworkers (IUF), researched for the International Labour Resource and Information Group (ILRIG), 2002.
VAN SCHALKWYK, Herman; VAN ZYL, Johan. The land market. In: VAN ZYL, Johan; KIRSTEN, Johann; BINSWANGER, Hans (eds) Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa: Policies, Markets and Mechanisms. Draft Manuscript, 1995.
VAN ZYL, Johan; KIRSTEN, Johann; BINSWANGER, Hans. (eds). Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa: Policies, Markets and Mechanisms. Draft Manuscript, 1995 (publicado em 1996 por Oxford University Press em Cape Town).
VICTOR, Andréa; SAUER, Sérgio (Coord.) Estudo sobre a política do Banco Mundial para o setor agrário brasileiro com base no caso do Projeto Cédula da Terra. Brasília: CPT/MST; Rede Brasil; FIAN-Brasil, 2002.
VILAS, Carlos María. ¿Hacia atrás o hacia adelante? La revalorización del Estado después del 'Consenso de Washington'. Perspectivas, vol. 32, jul./dic., 2007. p. 47-81.
WOOD, Ellen Meiksins. As origens do capitalismo. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2000
Fontes
BANCO MUNDIAL. Colombia: Land Policy in Transition. Report nº 27942-CO, 2004.
______. Combate à pobreza rural no Brasil: uma estratégia integrada. Relatório n° 21790-BR, Departamento do Brasil, Região da América Latina e do Caribe, vol. 1, 2001.
______. Implementation completion report (CPL – 41470). Report nº 25973, 2003c.
______. Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2003a.
______. Llegando a los pobres de las zonas rurales – Estrategia de desarrollo rural para América Latina y el Caribe. Departamento de Desarrollo Ambiental y Socialmente Sostenible, 2002.
______. Project Appraisal Document to Brazil for Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation Pilot Project. Report nº 16342-BR, 1997c.
______. Project Appraisal to Guatemala for a Land Fund Project. Report nº 18555-GU, December, 1998.
______. Relatório sobre o Desenvolvimento Mundial – Um melhor clima de investimentos para todos. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, 2005.
______. Rural Development: From Vision to Action – a Sector Strategy, Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997b.
______. Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Toward an Integrated Strategy. Washington, DC: 2003b.
______. Staff Appraisal Report – Northeast Rural Poverty Alleviation Program – Rural Poverty Alleviation Project – Ceará. Report nº 14395-BR, 1995.
______. World Development Report – The State in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, 1997a.
MEPF. Agricultura familiar, reforma agrária e desenvolvimento local para um novo mundo rural. Brasília: Ministério Extraordinário de Política Fundiária, 1999.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 JOÃO MÁRCIO MENDES PEREIRA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
The submission of originals to Estudos Ibero-Americanos implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Estudos Ibero-Americanos as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.
