Home-made development in Bolivia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2017.2.26954Keywords:
Development. Living well. Neoextrativism. Bolivia. El Alto.Abstract
This article investigates how the neighbourhood movement of the city of El Alto, a key social movement in contemporary Bolivia, depicted and constructed ideas of development during the protests of October 2003, the so-called “Gas War”. Their perspective was both informed by transnational ideologies —such as progress, modernisation and development— and the deeply rooted collective memory of the War of the Pacific. Differently from other nationalist experiences, this “looking back to move forwards” movement sought to re-stablish a balance of powers, instead of promoting group superiority. This emphasis on equality brings possibilities of dialogue with the emerging development paradigm of vivir bien (living well). This paper, thus, contributes to a more general discussion on the conflict between developmentalism and vivir bien in Latin America. Instead of quickly dismissing this new paradigm as being too normative and distant from the realities of poor people, it identifies the potential encounters between them.
Downloads
References
ACOSTA, A. Post-growth and post-extractivism: two sides of the same cultural transformation. Alternautas, v. 3, n. 1, 2016 <http://www.alternautas.net/blog/2016/4/6/post-growth-and-post-extractivism-two-sides-of-the-same-cultural-transformation?rq=acosta> (21 July 2017).
ALBÓ, X. Suma qamaña = convivir bien. ¿Cómo medirlo? In: I. Farah H.; L. Vasapollo (Eds). Vivir bien: ¿Paradigma no capitalista? La Paz: Cides-Umsa; Sapienza Università di Roma; Oxfam, 2011. p. 133-144.
BELING, A. E.; VANHULST, J. Buen vivir: new wine in old wineskins? Alternautas, v. 1, p. 29-40, 2014.
BENFORD, R. D.; SNOW, D. A. Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 26, p. 611-639, 2000 <10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611>.
BOLIVIA - MINISTERIO de Relaciones Exteriores. Vivir bien. Mensajes y documentos sobre el Vivir Bien 1995-2010. La Paz, 2010.
CARBALLO, A. E. The opportunity of Latin American critical development thinking. Alternautas, v. 1, p. 6-16, 2014.
CUNHA FILHO, C. M. A construção do horizonte plurinacional: liberalismo, indianismo e nacional popular na formação do Estado boliviano. Tese de doutorado em Ciência Política do Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
DEMELAS, D. Nationalisme sans nation? La Bolivie aux XIXe-XXe siècles. Paris: CNRS, 1980.
EASTERLY, W. The ideology of development. Foreign Policy, 30 Oct. 2009. <http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/13/the-ideology-of-development/> (31 March 2017).
ESCOBAR, A. Imagining a post-development era? Critical thought, development and social movements. Social Text, v. 31/32, n. 31, p. 20 -56, 1992 <10.2307/466217>.
ESTEVA, G. Developement. In: W. Sachs (Ed.). The development dictionary: a guide to knowledge as power. 2. ed. London: Zed Books, 2010. p. 1-34.
FABRICANT, N. Good Living for whom? Bolivia’s climate justice movement and the limitations of indigenous cosmovisions. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, v. 8, n. 2, p. 159-178, 2013 <10.1080/17442222.2013.805618>.
FARAH H., I.; VASAPOLLO, L. Vivir bien: ¿Paradigma no capitalista? La Paz: Cides-Umsa; Sapienza Università di Roma; Oxfam, 2011.
FREITAS, C. C. de M. Entre wiphalas, polleras e ponchos: embates entre os discursos de Conamaq, do Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia e do direito internacional. Tese de doutorado em Antropologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2013.
GAMBOA ROCABADO, F. La Asamblea Constituyente en Bolivia: nna evaluación de su dinámica. Fronesis, v. 16, n. 3, p. 487-512, 2009.
GAMSON, W. A. Talking politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
GARCÉS, F. The domestication of indigenous autonomies in Bolivia: from the Pact of Unity to the New Constitution. In: N. Fabricant; B. Gustafson (Ed.). Remapping Bolivia: resources, territory, and indigeneity in a plurinational state. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2011. p. 46-67.
GARCÍA LINERA, Á. Empate catastrófico y punto de bifurcación. Crítica y Emancipación: Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, v. 1, n. 1, p. 23-33, 2008.
GOMEZ, L. A. El Alto de pie: una insurrección aymara en Bolivia. La Paz: HdP; Comuna; Indymidia, 2004.
GUTIÉRREZ AGUILAR, R. Los ritmos del Pachakuti. La Paz: Textos rebeldes, 2008.
HALBWACHS, M. On collective memory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.
HUYSSEN, A. Present pasts: urban palimpsests and the politics of memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.
HYLTON, F.; THOMSON, S. The Chequered rainbow. New Left Review, v. 35, p. 41-64, 2005.
HYLTON, F.; THOMSON, S. Revolutionary horizons: past and present in Bolivian politics. London: Verso, 2007.
IAMAMOTO, S. A. S. El nacionalismo boliviano en tiempos de plurinacionalidad. La Paz: Servicio Intercultural de Fortalecimiento Democrático, Tribunal Supremo Electoral, 2013.
IAMAMOTO, S. A. S. Traditional development or vivir bien? An analysis of the Bolivian ‘Gas War’ in 2003. Alternautas, v. 2, n. 1, p. 32-44, 2015.
IAMAMOTO, S. A. S. Visões de nação na constituinte boliviana. Lua Nova, v. 97, p. 13-51, 2016 <10.1590/0102-6445013-051/97>.
LEONEL JUNIOR, G. O Novo constitucionalismo latino-americano: um estudo sobre a Bolívia. Lumen Juris, 2015.
LUYKX, A. The Citizen factory: schooling and cultural production in Bolivia. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
MCNEISH, J.-A. Extraction, protest and indigeneity in Bolivia: The Tipnis Effect. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, v. 8, n. 2, p. 221-242, 2013 <10.1080/17442222.2013.808495>.
MORAES, R. A. DE. Desenvolvimento e Vivir Bien: o caso do território indígena e Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure. Dissertação (Mestrado em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas) – Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 2014.
MORALES, E. Discurso de investidura. Discursos para la historia, 2006 <https://discursosparalahistoria.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/evo-morales-discurso-deinvestidura/> (31 March 2017).
MORALES, E. Vivir Bien no es lo mismo que vivir mejor. In: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Bolivia (Ed.). Vivir bien. Mensajes y documentos sobre el Vivir Bien 1995-2010. La Paz: 2010. p. 9-10.
NAIRN, T. The break-up of Britain: crisis and neo-nationalism. 3. ed. Altona Vic: Common Ground, 2003.
ORTEGA, J. Aspectos del nacionalismo boliviano. Madrid: José Porrúa Turanzas, 1973.
PANNAIN, R. N. A crise do estado boliviano e a autonomia indígena. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) – Universidade de São Paulo (Usp), 2014.
PERREAULT, T. From the Guerra del Agua to the Guerra del Gas: resource governance, neoliberalism and popular protest in Bolivia. Antipode, v. 38, n. 1, p. 150-172, 2006 <10.1111/j.0066-4812.2006.00569.x>.
PERRIER BRUSLÉ, L. La Bolivie, sa mer perdue et la construction nationale. Annales de géographie, v. 689, p. 47-72, 2013 <10.3917/ag.689.0047>.
PLATT, T. Entre Ch’axwa y Muxsa. Para una historia del pensamiento político Aymara. In: T. Bouysse-Cassagne et al. (Ed.). Tres reflexiones sobre el pensamiento andino. La Paz: Hisbol, 1987. p. 61-132.
POSTERO, N. Morales’s MAS Government: Building indigenous popular hegemony in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, v. 37, n. 3, p. 18-34, 2010 <10.1177/0094582X10364031>.
PRESIDENCY of the Republic Bolivia. The Blue Book: the maritime claim of Bolivia. La Paz: Presidency of the Republic; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2004.
RADIO PACHAMAMA. Para que el tiempo no borre la memoria... no a la impunidad (audio CD). El Alto: Centro de Promoción de la Mujer Gregoria Apaza, 2004.
ROTHBERG, M. Multidirectional memory: remembering the Holocaust in the age of decolonization. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.
SCHAVELZON, S. El nacimiento del estado plurinacional de Bolivia: etnografía de una asamblea constituyente. La Paz: Plural; Cejis, 2012.
SELBIN, E. Stories of revolution in the periphery. In: J. Foran; D. Lane; A. Zivkovic (Ed.). Revolution in the making of the modern world: social identities, globalization and modernity. New York: Routledge, 2008. p. 130-147.
STEFANONI, P. ‘Qué hacer con los indios...’ Y otros traumas irresueltos de la colonialidad. La Paz: Plural, 2010.
SVAMPA, M. Termina la era de las promesas andinas. Clarín, 25 Aug. 2015.
SVAMPA, M.; VIALE, E. Maldesarrollo: la Argentina del extractivismo y el despojo. Buenos Aires: Katz, 2014.
WALDMÜLLER, J. M. Buen Vivir, Sumak Kawsay, ‘Good Living’: an introduction and overview. Alternautas, v. 1, p. 17-28, 2014.
WEBBER, J. R. Red October: left-indigenous struggles in modern Bolivia. Leiden: Brill, 2011a <10.1163/ej.9789004201552.i-376>.
WEBBER, J. R. From rebellion to reform in Bolivia: class struggle, indigenous liberation, and the politics of Evo Morales. Chicago: Heymarket Books, 2011b.
YAMPARA HUARACHI, S. The ayllu and territoriality in the Andes. Alternautas, 2017 <http://www.alternautas.net/blog/2017/5/22/the-ayllu-and-territoriality-in-theandes> (21 July 2017).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Civitas – Journal of Social Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The submission of originals to this journal implies the transfer by the authors of the right for printed and digital publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite this journal as the site of original publication. As the journal is of open access, the articles are allowed for free use in scientific and educational applications, with citation of the source (please see the Creative Commons License at the bottom of this page).
