Isokinetic muscle performance of shoulders in rugby athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2017.2.26555Keywords:
muscle strength, shoulder, athletes, rugby.Abstract
*** Isokinetic muscle performance of shoulders in rugby athletes ***
AIMS: To verify the existence of shoulder external and internal rotator muscle asymmetries in male amateur rugby athletes.
METHODS: Isokinetic evaluations of male amateur rugby athletes were accessed from the database of the Institute for Sports Medicine and Applied Sciences in Human Movement of Universidade de Caxias do Sul (IME-UCS). Shoulders evaluated were included in the study, whereas those cases without a free and informed consent form signed prior to the test were excluded. The isokinetic dynamometer was used in a concentric-concentric mode for the shoulder external and internal rotators at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s. The peak torque and the external to internal rotator ratio were analyzed. Student’s t test and a significance level of <0.05 were used to verify the existence of asymmetries between the two sides of the same individual.
RESULTS: Data from 12 male athletes were analyzed. Regarding the peak torque at the angular velocity of 60º/s, the mean muscle strength values of the dominant limb were significantly higher when compared to non-dominant limb: external rotators, 43.35±4.72 Nm for the dominant limb vs 38.92±4.22 Nm for the non-dominant limb (p=0.0012); internal rotators, 65.58±11.88 Nm for the dominant limb vs 61.69±11.98 Nm for the non-dominant limb (p=0.0021). At 180º/s, the mean values of the non-dominant limb tended to be lower when compared to the dominant limb, without statistical significance. Regarding the mean values of the external to internal rotator ratio, no significant differences were found at any of the angular velocities analyzed.
CONCLUSIONS: Amateur rugby athletes showed lower muscle strength of the non-dominant limb when compared to the dominant limb in the peak torque measurements. This difference was not found in other studies with rugby athletes, and we believe that this result is justified by the lack of more frequent and adequate training of these amateur athletes.
Downloads
References
Kaplan KM, Goodwillie A, Strauss EJ, Rosen JE. Rugby injuries: a review of concepts and current literature. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2008;66(2):86-93.
King DA, Hume PA, Milburn PD, Guttenbeil D. Match and training injuries in rugby league: a review of published studies. Sports Med. 2010 Feb 1;40(2):163-78. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319740-000000000-00000
Kaux J-F, Julia M, Delvaux F, Croisier J-L, Forthomme B, Monnot D, Chupin M, Crielaard J-L, Le Goff C, Durez P, Ernst P, Guns S, Laly A. Epidemiological review of injuries in Rugby Union. Sports. 2015;3(1):21-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports3010021
Palmer-Green DS, Stokes KA, Fuller CW, England M, Kemp SP, Trewartha G. Training activities and injuries in English youth academy and schools Rugby Union. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(2):475-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514560337
Austin D, Gabbett T, Jenkins D. The physical demands of Super 14 Rugby Union. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(3):259-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.01.003
Williams S, Trewartha G, Kemp S, Stokes K. A meta-analysis of injuries in senior men's professional Rugby Union. Sports Med. 2013;43(10):1043-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0078-1
Macqueen AE, Dexter WW. Injury trends and prevention in Rugby Union football. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010;9(3):139-43. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181df124c
Pearce CJ, Brooks JH, Kemp SP, Calder JD. The epidemiology of foot injuries in professional Rugby Union players. Foot Ankle Surg. 2011 Sep;17(3):113-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2010.02.004
Palmer-Green DS, Stokes KA, Fuller CW, England M, Kemp SP, Trewartha G. Match injuries in English youth academy and schools Rugby Union: an epidemiological study. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):749-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512473818
King DA, Gabbett TJ. Injuries in the New Zealand semiprofessional rugby league competition. NZ J Sports Med. 2009;36(1):6-15.
Haseler CM, Carmont MR, England M. The epidemiology of injuries in English youth community Rugby Union. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(5):1093-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.074021
Usman J, McIntosh AS. Upper limb injury in rugby union football: results of a cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):374-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091224
Papalia R, Tecame A, Torre G, Narbona P, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Rugby and shoulder trauma: A systematic review. Transl Med UniSa. 2014 Sep 1;12:5-13.
Sundaram A, Bokor DJ, Davidson AS. Rugby Union on-field position and its relationship to shoulder injury leading to anterior reconstruction for instability. J Sci Med Sport. 2011 Mar;14(2):111-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.08.005
Gabbett TJ. Incidence of injuries in junior and senior rugby league players. J Sci Med Sport. 2008 Jun;11(3):323-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.06.003
Bruyèrea O, Beaudart C, Reginster J-Y, Buckinx F, Schoene D, Hirani VM, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, McCloskey E, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Freiberger E. Assessment of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in clinical practice: An international survey. Eur Geriatr Med. 2016;7(3):243-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2015.12.009
Mendonça LDM, Bittencourt NFN, Anjos MTS, Silva AA, Fonseca ST. Avaliação muscular isocinética da articulação do ombro em atletas da seleção brasileira de voleibol sub-19 e sub-21 masculino. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2010;16(2):107-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922010000200006
Caruso JF, Brown LE, Tufano JJ. The reproducibility of isokinetic dynamometry data. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2012;20(4):239-53. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-2012-0477
Wang HK, Macfarlane A, Cochrane T. Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34(1):39-43. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.1.39
Michael J, Konig D, Hessling U, Popken F, Eysel P. Results of shoulder isokinetic testing in volleyball players. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2003 Jun;17(2):71-4.
Markou S, Vagenas G. Multivariate isokinetic asymmetry of the knee and shoulder in elite volleyball players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2006;6(1):71-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500533147
Hadzic V, Sattler T, Veselko M, Markovic G, Dervisevic E. Strength asymmetry of the shoulders in elite volleyball players. J Athl Train. 2014;49(3):338-44. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.05
Franceschini KC, Nissola N, Zardo BS, Tadielo GS, Bonetti LV. Isokinetic performance of shoulder external and internal rotators in adolescent male volleyball athletes. Int Archi Med. 2016;9(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3823/2011
Andrade M dos S, Fleury AM, de Lira CA, Dubas JP, da Silva AC. Profile of isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of shoulder rotator muscles in elite female team handball players. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(7):743-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003645687
Andrade M dos S, de Lira CA, Vancini RL, de Almeida AA, Benedito-Silva AA, da Silva AC. Profiling the isokinetic shoulder rotator muscle strength in 13- to 36-year-old male and female handball players. Phys Ther Sport. 2013;14(4):246-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.12.002
Ellenbecker T, Roetert EP. Age specific isokinetic glenohumeral internal and external rotation strength in elite junior tennis players. J Sci Med Sport. 2003;6(1):63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(03)80009-9
Gozlan G, Bensoussan L, Coudreuse JM, Fondarai J, Gremeaux V, Viton JM, Delarque A. Isokinetic dynamometer measurement of shoulder rotational strength in healthy elite athletes (swimming, volley-ball, tennis): Comparison between dominant and nondominant shoulder. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2006;49(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annrmp.2005.07.001
Saccol MF, Gracitelli GC, da Silva RT, Laurino CF, Fleury AM, Andrade M dos S, da Silva AC. Shoulder functional ratio in elite junior tennis players. Phys Ther Sport. 2010;11(1):8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2009.11.002
Noffal GJ. Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(4):537-41.
Hurd WJ, Kaplan KM, ElAttrache NS, Jobe FW, Morrey BF, Kaufman KR. A profile of glenohumeral internal and external rotation motion in the uninjured high school baseball pitcher, part II: strength. J Athl Train. 2011;46(3):289-95. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050- 46.3.289
Campos TF, Petrone KCO, Navega MT, Renner AF, Mattiello-Rosa SM. Estudo dos picos de torque concêntricos e excêntricos dos rotadores mediais e laterais do ombro de atletas do pólo aquático. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2005;9(2):137-43.
Edouard P, Frize N, Calmels P, Samozino P, Garet M, Degache F. Influence of rugby practice on shoulder internal and external rotators strength. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(12):863-7. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237391
McDonough A, Funk L. Can glenohumeral joint isokinetic strength and range of movement predict injury in professional rugby league. Phys Ther Sport. 2014;15(2):91-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.07.001
Bandeira F, Neves EB, Moura MAM, Nohama P. A termografia no apoio ao diagnóstico de lesão muscular no esporte. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2014;20(1):59-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922014000100012
Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Kemp SPT, Reddin DB. Epidemiology of injuries in English Professional Rugby Union: Part II match injuries. Brit J Sport Med. 2005;39(10):767-75. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.018408
McIntosh AS, Savage TN, McCrory P, Fréchède BO, Wolfe R. Tackle characteristics and injury in a cross section of rugby union football. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):977-84. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c07b5b
Helgeson K, Stoneman P. Shoulder injuries in rugby players: mechanisms, examination, and rehabilitation. Phys Ther Sport. 2014;15(4):218-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.06.001
Gabbett TJ. Incidence of injury in semi-professional rugby league players. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(1):36-44. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.1.36
Crichton J, Jones DR, Funk L. Mechanisms of traumatic shoulder injury in elite rugby player. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(7):538-42. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090688
Horsley IG, Pearson J, Green A, Rolf C. A comparison of the musculoskeletal assessments of the shoulder girdles of professional rugby players and professional soccer players. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2012 Sep 10;4(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-4-32
Bolton G, Moss SJ, Sparks M, Venter PC. Thoracic posture, shoulder muscle activation patterns and isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players. S Afr J SM. 2013;25(1):12-7. https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2013/v25i1a386
Dark A, Ginn KA, Halaki M. Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns during commonly used rotator cuff exercises: an electromyographic study. Phys Ther. 2007;87(8):1039-46. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060068
Lin HT, Nakamura Y, Su FC, Hashimoto J, Nobuhara K, Chao EY. Use of virtual, interactive, musculoskeletal system (VIMS) in modeling and analysis of shoulder throwing activity. J Biomech Eng. 2005;127(3):525-30. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1894387
Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. The application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex. J Athl Train. 2000 Jul;35(3):338-50.
Codine P, Bernard PL, Pocholle M, Herisson C. Isokinetic strength measurement and training of the shoulder: methodology and results. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2005 Mar;48(2):80-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annrmp.2004.07.002
Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Feb;39(2):38-54. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2929
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright
The submission of originals to Scientia Medica implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Scientia Medica as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.
