Precarization and individualization: in what a society are we living? Reflections on the validity of the “discourse about the second modernity”

Abstract

Discourse on scope and effects of social inequality in Germany is dominated by two rather controversial positions: Whereas some theorists suggest an individualization of social structure, others identify a growth in social divide. Referring critically to various studies this article investigates indicators of changes in societal structure. Empirical findings on socio-cultural orientation, educational as well as recreational behaviour and lifestyle preferences are analysed in their correlation to socioeconomic status. The results reveal neither stark individualization and social mobility nor do they demonstrate a clear reproduction of social inequality. The analysis of the relationship between class, social welfare and socio-cultural dimensions like housing, lifestyle and life satisfaction support the thesis of increasing risks and problems for all regardless their economic status. However, the data also reveals that those lacking economic and socio-cultural resources hardly benefit from altering social structure and participate less in social mobility. Concluding the authors therefore underline the need of both social theory and research, which acknowledge this complexity of societal structure and thereby overcome the strict division between the two opposing positions.