Envelhecimento saudável e atividade física: uma revisão sistemática sobre os efeitos do exercício nas doenças cardiovasculares
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2017.1.25837Palavras-chave:
envelhecimento, doenças cardiovasculares, exercício aeróbico, educação física e treinamento.Resumo
DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2017.1.25837
Objetivos: Realizar uma revisão sistemática dos ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram os benefícios do exercício físico (regular ou competitivo) para a saúde de idosos e a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares.
Métodos: Foram investigados os registros no Pubmed, Web of Science, Library of Congress, Central de Registros Cochrane e as bases de dados com os registros dos ensaios clínicos de 2005 a 2016, juntamente com os anais das maiores conferências sobre doenças cardiovasculares no envelhecimento usando os termos definidos de acordo com a metodologia "paciente, intervenção, comparação e resultado". Os descritores utilizados foram physical effort, exercise, exercise therapy, physical activity, physical fitness, resistance training, cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein, dyslipidemia, heart failure, cardiac insufficiency, revascularization, cardiac stent e heart transplant. Somente foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados, com indivíduos acima de 60 anos de idade. Os artigos foram avaliados independentemente por dois avaliadores.
Resultados: Foram acessados um total de 3672 estudos e foram eleitos os 24 que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A maioria desses estudos descreviam amostras reduzidas e apresentavam o exercício físico como um componente para a saúde. Apenas 16 estudos apresentavam relação da aderência à prática de exercícios físicos como prevenção cardiovascular. As medidas de resultados incluem fatores de qualidade de vida, capacidade física ou estado de condicionamento físico, força muscular, frequência cardíaca, aspectos psicológicos, marcadores inflamatórios e nutricionais e a progressão de doenças cardiovasculares. As evidências mais fortes apontam para os efeitos do exercício aeróbico na melhoria da capacidade física, força muscular e qualidade de vida de pacientes idosos com doença cardiovascular.
Conclusões: Os benefícios do treinamento físico para pacientes idosos com doença cardiovascular estão bem estabelecidos, apoiando a prescrição de exercícios físicos nos seus tratamentos regulares. Intervenções que utilizam o exercício precisam ser progressivamente incluídas nos regimes dos centros de tratamento cardiovascular, embora o melhor protocolo de exercícios para pacientes com doença cardiovascular ainda não esteja completamente estabelecido.
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