Assessing Fear of Crime
Testing the vulnerability hypothesis and cultivation theory in Brazil, Portugal, and the United States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2025.1.47308Keywords:
fear of crime, cultivation theory, vulnerability hypothesis, measurement validationAbstract
The identification of fear of crime as a problem as serious as crime itself has been the subject of political debate and scientific investigation. This study explores fear of crime in three countries, Brazil, Portugal, and the United States, drawing on the theories of vulnerability and cultivation. Three independent samples were collected (Brazil: n = 226 respondents, M = 24.69 years, SD = 6.86; 61.9% female; Portugal: n = 305 respondents, M = 19.81 years, SD = 2.44; 74.1% female; USA: n = 325 respondents, M = 36.43 years, SD = 10.71; 54.2% male), and a fear of crime scale was administered. Statistical procedures included confirmatory factor analyses to assess the scale’s structure, measurement invariance tests across countries, and multiple regression analyses to examine the effects of variables such as gender, age, and media consumption. The main findings support the adequacy of a brief measure that can be employed in future studies across Brazil, Portugal, and the United States. Furthermore, the results suggest that Portugal provides empirical support for the cultivation theory. Regarding the vulnerability hypothesis, both Brazil and Portugal showed significant associations with gender, but not with age. In the United States, neither hypothesis was confirmed.
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