Dominios del Lenguaje en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer: Estado del Arte y Direcciones Futuras
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/2357-9641.2025.1.48722Palabras clave:
Trastornos del Lenguaje, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Neuropsicología, Comunicación, Cognición.Resumen
La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una condición neurodegenerativa progresiva que afecta varias funciones cognitivas, siendo el lenguaje una de las más comprometidas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar el estado del arte sobre las alteraciones lingüísticas en la EA, con un enfoque específico en seis dominios: fonética, fonología, morfología, sintaxis, semántica y pragmática. Las manifestaciones lingüísticas varían según la etapa de la enfermedad y abarcan tanto la producción como la comprensión del lenguaje. En etapas iniciales, se observan dificultades en el acceso léxico, anomia y un deterioro en la fluidez verbal semántica. A medida que la enfermedad progresa, las alteraciones fonético-fonológicas, morfosintácticas y pragmáticas se agravan, afectando la cohesión, la coherencia y la eficacia de la comunicación. Estudios transculturales indican que la estructura lingüística de cada idioma puede influir en estos patrones de deterioro, mientras que factores como la memoria de trabajo y la complejidad semántica también son relevantes para la diversidad observada. Se concluye que el estudio detallado de los dominios lingüísticos en la EA es esencial para el diagnóstico precoz, el seguimiento de la progresión y el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención personalizadas. Considerando los avances en inteligencia artificial, neurociencia y enfoques interdisciplinarios, existen perspectivas prometedoras para la creación de métodos más eficaces para preservar la comunicación y la autonomía de las personas afectadas por la enfermedad.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Guilherme Briczinski de Souza, Bárbara Costa Beber
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