Domínios da Linguagem na Doença de Alzheimer: Estado da Arte e Direcionamentos Futuros
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/2357-9641.2025.1.48722Palavras-chave:
Transtornos de Linguagem, Doença de Alzheimer, Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Neuropsicologia, Comunicação; Cognição.Resumo
A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma condição neurodegenerativa progressiva que envolve diversas funções cognitivas, sendo a linguagem uma das mais afetadas. Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar o estado da arte sobre os comprometimentos linguísticos na DA, com foco específico em seis domínios: fonética, fonologia, morfologia, sintaxe, semântica e pragmática. As manifestações linguísticas variam de acordo com o estágio da doença e envolvem tanto a produção quanto a compreensão da linguagem. Em fases iniciais, observam-se dificuldades no acesso lexical, anomia e declínio na fluência verbal semântica. À medida que a doença avança, alterações fonético-fonológicas, morfossintáticas e pragmáticas se agravam, comprometendo a coesão, a coerência e a eficácia da comunicação. Estudos transculturais indicam que a estrutura linguística de cada idioma pode influenciar esses padrões de declínio, enquanto fatores como memória de trabalho e complexidade semântica também são importantes para a diversidade observada. Conclui-se que o estudo detalhado dos domínios linguísticos na DA é essencial para o diagnóstico precoce, o acompanhamento da progressão e o desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção personalizadas. Considerando os avanços da inteligência artificial, da neurociência e das abordagens interdisciplinares, há perspectivas promissoras para a criação de métodos mais eficazes de preservação da comunicação e da autonomia dos indivíduos afetados pela doença.
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