“Suaves costumes?” Protesto y mobilizacion en Portugal durante la austeridad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-864X.2015.2.21366Palabras clave:
Portugal, austeridad, movimientos de protesto, ativismo social.Resumen
En los últimos tiempos han sido muy debatidas las manifestaciones contra la austeridad que se produjeron en el sur de Europa desde 2010. Los comentaristas destacaron la aparición de nuevos actores políticos, como el “precariado”, organizado en movimientos no estructurados y basados en tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. ¿En qué medida estos movimientos reflejan la dinámica subyacente de este ciclo de protestas y cómo interactúan con los actores políticos tradicionales? Teniendo Portugal como estudio de caso, este artículo traza el mapa de la acción política reivindicativa contra la austeridad entre los años 2010 y 2013, revelando un panorama más complejo, donde los actores tradicionales, como los sindicatos y los partidos políticos de izquierda, emergen como actores clave, facilitando la movilización intermitente de nuevas formas de activismo, mientras que la búsqueda de obtener el acceso a um nuevo electorado.
Descargas
Citas
ACCORNERO, Guya. A Mild-manner Country?: Crises and Cycle of Protest in Democratic Portugal. 3rd IPSA Conference, Complutense University, Madrid, 2012.
______. Contentious Politics and Student Dissent in the Twilight of the Portuguese Dictatorship: Analysis of a Protest Cycle. Democratization, v. 20, n. 6, 1036-1055, 2013.
ALBERICH NISTAL, Tomás. Antecedents, Achievements and Challenges of the Spanish 15M Movement. In: TEJERINA, Benjamín; PERUGORRÍA, Ignacia (Org.). From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization. Bilbao: Argitalpen Zerbitzua, 2012. p. 78-92.
BALDINI, Gianfranco. Don’t Count Your Chickens before They’re Hatched: The 2013 Italian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections. South European Society and Politics, v. 18, n. 4, 473-97, 2013.
BARTLES, Larry; BERMEO, Nancy (Orgs.). Mass Politics in Tough Times Opinions, Votes and Protest in the Great Recession. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
BARTLETT, Jamie; FROIO, Caterina; LITTLER, Mark; MCDONNELL, Duncan. New Political Actors in Europe: Beppe Grillo and the Movimento 5 Stelle. London: Demos, 2013.
BAUMGARTEN, Britta. Geração à Rasca and beyond: Mobilizations in Portugal after 12 March 2011. Current Sociology, v. 61, n. 4, 457-473, 2013.
BEISSINGER, Mark R. Conventional and “Virtual” Civil Societies in Autocratic Regimes’. International Conference of Europeanists, Amsterdam, 2013.
BERMEO, Nancy. Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions. Comparative Politics, v. 29, n. 3, 305-322, 1997.
BORDIGNON, Fabio; CECCARINI, Luigi. Five Stars and a Cricket. Beppe Grillo Shakes Italian Politics. South European Society and Politics, v. 18, n. 4, 427-449, 2013.
BOSI, Lorenzo; DELLA PORTA, Donatella. Protesting in Time of Austerity. Micro, Meso and Macro Mobilisation Variation in Protesters’ Framing, Trust and Sense of Efficacy. 7th ECPR General Conference, Sciences Po, Bordeaux, 2013.
CAMPOS LIMA, Maria da Paz; MARTIN ARTILES, António. Crisis and Trade Union Challenges in Portugal and Spain: Between General Strikes and Social Pacts. Transfer, v. 17, n. 3, 387-402, 2011.
______. Descontentamento na Europa em tempos de austeridade: Da ação coletiva à participação individual no protesto social. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais [online], v. 103, 2014.
CARMO, Renato do; CANTANTE Frederico; CARVALHO Margarida. Inequalities in Portugal: Recent and Structural Trends’. In: Observatório das Desigualdades, 2012. Disponível em: <http://observatoriodas-desigualdades.cies.iscte.pt/index.jsp?page=projects&id=126>. Acesso em: 14 de jan. 2014.
CASTRO CALDAS, José. The Consequences of Austerity Policies in Portugal. In: International Policy Analysis, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2012. Disponível em: <http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09311.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 de janeiro 2014.
COSTA PINTO, António; MAGALHÃES, Pedro; DE SOUSA, Luís; GORBUNOVA, Ekaterina. A qualidade da democracia em Portugal. A perspectiva dos cidadãos. Workshop The Quality of Democracy in Hard Times, ICS-UL, Lisboa, 2012.
COX, Laurence; FLESCHER FOMINAYA, Cristina; SHIHADE, Magid. Mobilizing against the Crisis, Mobilizing for ‘Another Democracy’: Comparing Two Global Waves of Protest’. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements, v. 4, n. 1, 2012.
DELLA PORTA, Donatella. Mobilizing against the Crisis, Mobilizing for ‘Another Democracy’: Comparing Two Global Waves of Protest. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements, v. 4, n. 1, 274-277, 2012.
DE SOUSA, Luís; MAGALHÃES, Pedro; AMARAL, Luciano. Sovereign Debt and Governance Failures Portuguese Democracy and the Financial Crisis. American Behavioral Scientist. doi: 0002764214534666, 2014.
EARL, Jennifer; MARTIN, Andrew; MCCARTHY, John D.; SOULE, Sarah A. The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 30, 65-80, 2004.
ELIAS, Luís; PINHO, Pedro. Reuniões e manifestações – Os desafios das novas formas de contestação social. Polícia Portuguesa, v. 4, n. 3, 37-35, 2012.
ESTANQUE, Elisio; COSTA, Hermes Augusto; SOEIRO, José. The New Global Cyle of Protest and the Portuguese Case. Journal of Social Science Education, v. 12, n. 1, 31-40, 2013.
FEIXA Carles; PEREIRA, Inês; JURIS, Jeffrey. Global Citizenship and the ‘New, New’ Social Movements: Iberian Connections. Young, v. 17, n. 4, 421-442, 2009.
FERNANDES, Tiago. Rethinking Pathways to Democracy: Civil Society in Portugal and Spain, 1960s-2000s. Democratization, v. 22, n. 6, p. 1074-1104, 2015.
FISHMAN, Robert M. Democratic Practice after the Revolution: The Case of Portugal and beyond. Politics & Society, v. 39, n. 2, p. 233-267, 2011.
FONSECA, Dora. New Actors on Stage: Analysis of the Emergent Forms of Collective Action in the European Context. 2nd ISA Forum of Sociology, University of Buenos Aires, 2012.
FREIRE, André. Participação e abstenção nas eleições legislativas portuguesas, 1975-1995. Análise Social, v. 35, n. 115-145, 2000.
______. Pós materialismo e comportamentos políticos: o caso português em perspectiva comparada. In: VALA, Jorge; VILLAVERDE CABRAL, Manuel; RAMOS, Alice (Orgs.). Valores Sociais: Mudanças e Contrastes em Portugal e na Europa. Lisboa: ICS, 2003. p. 295-362.
FREIRE, André; MAGALHÃES, Pedro. A abstenção portuguesa em perspectiva comparativa. Eleições, v. 7, 7-36, 2003.
GALL, Gregor. Quiescence Continued? Recent strike activity in Nine Western European Countries. Economic and Industrial Democracy, v. 34, n. 4, p. 667-691, 2013.
HAMANN, Kerstin; JOHNSTON, Alison; KELLY, John. Unions against Governments: Explaining General Strikes in Western Europe, 1980-2006. Comparative Political Studies, v. 46, n. 9, p. 1030-1057, 2013.
KOOPMANS, Ruud; STATHAM Paul. Political Claims Analysis: Integrating Protest Event and Political Discourse Approaches. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, v. 4, n. 2, p. 203-221, 1999.
KOUSIS, Maria; KARAKIOULAFI, Christina. Labour Unions Confronting Unprecedented Austerity in Greece, 2010-2013. 7th ECPR General Conference, Sciences Po, Bordeaux, 2013.
KRIESI, Hanspeter. The Political Consequences of the Financial and Economic Crisis in Europe: Electoral Punishment and Popular Protest. Swiss Political Science Review, v. 18, n. 4, p. 518-522, 2012.
MAGALHÃES, Pedro. Disaffected Democrats: Political Attitudes and Political Action in Portugal. West European Politics, v. 28, n. 5, 973-991, 2005.
MENDES, José Manuel; SEIXAS, Ana Maria. Acção colectiva e protesto em Portugal: os movimentos sociais ao espelho dos media (1992-2002). Revista crítica de ciências Sociais, v. 72, p. 99-127, 2005.
ORTIZ, Isabel; BURKE, Sara; BERRADA, Mohamed; CORTES, Hernán. World Protests 2006-2013. In: New York: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Disponível em: <http://cadtm.org/IMG/pdf/World_Protests_2006-2013-Final-2.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 maio 2014.
PALACIOS CEREZALES, Diego. O poder caiu na rua. Crise de estado e acções colectivas na revolução portuguesa, 1975-1975. Lisboa: ICS, 2003.
PETERSON, Abby; WAHLSTRÖM, Mattias; WENNERHAG, Magnus. Is there New Wine in the New Bottles? Participants in European Anti-Austerity Protests 2010-2012. 7th ECPR General Conference, Sciences Po, Bordeaux, 2013.
RAMOS PINTO, Pedro. Protest and Civil Society in Austerity Portugal. Political Consequences of the Economic Crisis: Voting and Protest in Europe since 2008. Georgetown University, 2013.
______. Lisbon Rising: Urban Social Movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1975. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013.
ROYO, Sebastián. A New Century of Corporatism? Corporatism in Spain and Portugal. West European Politics, v. 25, n. 3, 77-104, 2002.
RÜDIG, Wolfgang; KARYOTIS, Georgios. Beyond the Usual Suspects? New Participants in Anti-Austerity Protests in Greece. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, v. 18, n. 3, p. 313-330, 2013.
______. Who Protests in Greece? Mass Opposition to Austerity. British Journal of Political Science, v. 44, n. 3, 487-513, 2014.
SEIXAS, Ana Maria. Aprender a democracia: jovens e protesto no ensino secundário em Portugal. Revista Crítica das Ciências Sociais, v. 72, p. 187-209, 2005.
SOTIRAKOPOULOS, Nikos; SOTIROPOULOS, George. ‘Direct Democracy Now!’: The Greek Indignados and the Present Cycle of Struggles. Current Sociology, v. 61, n. 4, p. 443-456, 2013.
SOUSA SANTOS, Boaventura. Ensaio contra a auto-flagelação. Coimbra: Almedina, 2011.
TARROW, Sidney. Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy, 1965-1975. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
______. States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements. In: MCADAM, Doug; MCCARTHY, John; ZALD, Mayer (Orgs.). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p. 41-61.
______. Power in Movement. Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
______. Global, Conventional and Warring Movements and the Suppression of Contention. Themes in Contentious Politics Research. Politica & Sociedade, v. 10, n. 18, 25-49, 2011.
TEJERINA, Benjamín; PERUGORRÍA, Ignacia. Continuities and Discontinuities in Recent Social Mobilizations. From New Social Movements to the Alter-Global Mobilizations and the 15 M. In: TEJERINA, Benjamín; PERUGORRÍA, Ignacia (Orgs.). From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization. Bilbao: Argitalpen Zerbitzua, 2012a. p. 93-112.
TEJERINA, Benjamín; PERUGORRÍA, Ignacia (Orgs.). From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization. Bilbao: Argitalpen Zerbitzua, 2012b.
TILLY, Charles, TARROW, Sidney. Contentious Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
VERNEY, Susannah; BOSCO Anna. Living Parallel Lives: Italy and Greece in an Age of Austerity. South European Society and Politics, v. 18, n. 4, p. 397-426, 2014.
VILLAVERDE CABRAL, Manuel. Cidadania política e equidade social em Portugal. Oeiras: Celta, 1997.
______. O exercício da cidadania política em Portugal. Análise Social, v. 35, n. 154-155, p. 85-113, 2000.
______. Dimensões da Cidadania. A Mobilização Política em Portugal numa Perspectiva Comparada. Porto: Afrontamento, 2014.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de Autor
La sumisión de originales para la Estudos Ibero-Americanos implica la transferencia, por los autores, de los derechos de publicación. El copyright de los artículos de esta revista es el autor, junto con los derechos de la revista a la primera publicación. Los autores sólo podrán utilizar los mismos resultados en otras publicaciones indicando claramente a Estudos Ibero-Americanos como el medio de la publicación original.
Creative Commons License
Excepto donde especificado de modo diferente, se aplican a la materia publicada en este periódico los términos de una licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional, que permite el uso irrestricto, la distribución y la reproducción en cualquier medio siempre y cuando la publicación original sea correctamente citada.
