Transhuman, all too human
The paths to the integration of body and technology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1983-4012.2021.2.41567Keywords:
Human beings, Transhumanism, Ethics, Technology, ImmortalityAbstract
In the wake of biotechnological development, previously fictional possibilities are now becoming increasingly closer: enhancement of motor and cognitive abilities, artificially produced bodies, mind cloning, and artificial extension of life are some examples, which are advocated by transhumanism. However, there is an ethical debate regarding the pertinence of promoting non-therapeutic improvements in human beings, in which authors who warn against the risk of dehumanization and authors who defend that we will become “more than human” are opposed. By using Wilson and Haslam’s (2009) and Guttmann’s (2006) works, among others, this article proposes a framework that connects the themes of ethics and transhumanism and discusses the relations between them. Points about which a greater debate was detected include: relations between ethics and technology; technology and community; and technology and knowledge. It is recommended to increase the number of works analyzed in future research, aiming to enhance the operationalization and reach of the framework.
Downloads
References
INITIATIVE. Official website. About us. Russia, 17 jul. 2012. Disponível em: http://2045.com/about. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2021.
ALITA: Anjo de Combate. Direção: Robert Rodriguez. Produção: James Cameron; Jon Landau. Intérpretes: Rosa Salazar; Christoph Waltz; Jennifer Connelly; Mahershala Ali; Ed Skrein e outros. Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox, 2019. DVD (122 min), widescreen, color.
BÍBLIA SAGRADA. Traduzida em português por João Ferreira de Almeida. Edição corrigida e revisada. São Paulo: Sociedade Bíblica Trinitarina do Brasil, 2011.
BLADE Runner. Direção: Ridley Scott. Produção: Michael Deeley. Intérpretes: Harrison Ford; Rutger Hauer; Sean Young; Edward James Olmos e outros. Los Angeles: Warner Bros., 1982. DVD (117 min), widescreen, color.
CHAUÍ, M. Convite à filosofia. 12. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 2001.
EU, ROBÔ. Direção: Alex Proyas. Produção: John Davis; Will Smith; James Lassiter. Intérpretes: Will Smith; Bridget Moynahan; James Cromwell; Bruce Greenwood; Alan Tudyk e outros. Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox, 2004. DVD (114 min), widescreen, color.
FEIFEL, H.; NAGY, V. T. Another look at fear of death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Washington, D.C., v. 49, n. 2, p. 278-286, 1981. Disponível em: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1981-21314-001. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2021.
FORTES, P. A. C. Ética e saúde: questões éticas, deontológicas e legais, tomada de decisões, autonomia e direitos do paciente, estudo de casos. São Paulo: EPU, 1998.
GATTACA. Direção: Andrew Niccol. Produção: Danny DeVito; Michael Shamberg; Stacey Sher; Gail Lyon. Intérpretes: Ethan Hawke; Uma Thurman; Alan Arkin; Jude Law e outros. Culver City: Columbia Pictures, 1997. DVD (106 min), widescreen, color.
GUTTMANN, D. Ethics in social work: a context of caring. New York: Routledge, 2006.
HARARI, Y. N. Homo Deus: uma breve história do amanhã. Tradução de Paulo Geiger. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2016.
HARRISON, P.; WOLYNIAK, J. The history of ‘transhumanism’. Notes and Queries, Oxford, v. 62, n. 3, p. 465- 467, 2015. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/62/3/465/1141551. Acesso em: 3 jan. 2021.
HAUPTMAN, R. Cyberethics and social stability. Ethics & Behavior, New Jersey, v. 6, n. 2, p. 161-163, 1996. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327019eb0602_7. Acesso em: 2 jan. 2021.
HUBERMAN, J. Immortality transformed: mind cloning, transhumanism and the quest for digital immortality. Mortality, London, v. 23, n. 1, p. 50-64, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13576275.2017.1304366?journalCode=-cmrt20. Acesso em: 7 jan. 2021.
HUMANITY+. Official website. Los Angeles: Humanity+, Inc. - World Transhumanist Association, 2016. Disponível em: https://humanityplus.org. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2021.
HUXLEY, A. L. Admirável mundo novo. Tradução: Vidal de Oliveira. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Azul, 2014.
KOVÁCS, M. J. Medo da morte. In: KOVÁCS, M. J. (coord.). Morte e desenvolvimento humano. 5. ed. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo, 2008.
KÜBLER-ROSS, E. Sobre a morte e o morrer. 10. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2017.
KURZWEIL, R. Singularity Q&A. Kurzweil Network: accelerating intelligence. In: Kurzweilai. Needham (MA), Dec. 9, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.kurzweilai.net/singularity-q-a. Acesso em: 3 jan. 2021.
KURZWEIL, R. The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. London: Penguin Books, 2005.
LUFT, E.; PIZZATTO, R. Concretude e virtualidade: nossas liberdades na era da internet. Veritas, Porto Alegre, v. 63, n. 2, p. 544-574, 2018. Disponível em: https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/veritas/article/view/32133. Acesso em: 3 jan. 2021.
MATRIX. Direção: The Wachowskis. Produção: Joel Silver. Intérpretes: Keanu Reeves; Laurence Fishburne; Carrie-Anne Moss; Hugo Weaving e outros. Burbank: Warner Bros., 1999. DVD (136 min), widescreen, color.
NIETZSCHE, F. Além do bem e do mal. Tradução de Renato Zwick. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2010.
NIETZSCHE, F. Humano, demasiado humano II. Tradução de Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia de Bolso, 2017.
O EXTERMINADOR do Futuro. Direção: James Cameron. Produção: Gale Anne Hurd. Intérpretes: Arnold Schwarzenegger; Michael Biehn; Linda Hamilton; Paul Winfield e outros. Los Angeles: Pacific Western Productions, 1984. DVD (108 min), widescreen, color.
O HOMEM Bicentenário. Direção: Chris Columbus. Produção: Chris Columbus; Wolfgang Petersen; Gail Katz; Laurence Mark; Neal Miller; Mark Radcliffe; Michael Barnathan. Intérpretes: Robin Williams; Sam Neill; Embeth Davidtz e outros. Culver City: Columbia Pictures, 1999. DVD (132 min), widescreen, color.
O SEXTO Dia. Direção: Roger Spottiswoode. Produção: Jon Davison; Mike Medavoy; Arnold Schwarzenegger. Intérpretes: Arnold Schwarzenegger; Michael Rapaport; Tony Goldwyn; Michael Rooker; Sarah Wynter e outros. Culver City: Columbia Pictures, 2000. DVD (124 min), widescreen, color.
PARKHURST, P. The human figure and urban ground. The New Bioethics, London, v. 22, n. 2, p. 91-103, 2016. Disponível em https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20502877.2016.1194659. Acesso em: 2 fev. 2021.
ROTH, V. Divergente. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 2012.
SILVA, E. Homo Deus: uma breve história do amanhã [Resenha de livro]. Paralellus, Recife, v. 10, n. 25, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340670963_resenha_do_livro_homo_deus_uma_breve_historia_do_amanha/fulltext/5e-98672a92851c2f52a863bb/resenha-do-livro-homo-deus-uma-breve-historia-do-amanha.pdf. Acesso em: 16 dez. 2021.
THOMPSON, J. Transhumanism: how far is too far? The New Bioethics, London, v. 23, n. 2, p. 165-182, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20502877.2017.1345092. Acesso em: 3 jan. 2021.
WILSON, S.; HASLAM, N. Is the future more or less human? Differing views of humanness in the posthumanism debate. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, New Jersey, v. 39, n. 2, 247-266, 2009. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00398.x. Acesso em: 3 jan. 2021.
WU, X.; ZHU, X.; WU, G.; DING, W. Data mining with Big Data. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, [S. l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 97-107, 2014. Disponível em: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6547630. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Intuitio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright
The submission of originals to Intuitio implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Intuitio as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.
