Sobre la eficacia de la ética como herramienta rectora de la inteligencia artificial

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2022.1.42584

Palabras clave:

Ética de la IA, Guías éticas, Gobernancia, Bioética, Regulación

Resumen

La Cuarta Revolución Industrial es la culminación de la era digital. Hoy en día, tecnologías como la robótica, la nanotecnología, la genética y la inteligencia artificial prometen transformar nuestro mundo y la forma en que vivimos. El campo de la seguridad y la ética de la inteligencia artificial son áreas de investigación emergentes que han ido ganando popularidad en los últimos años. Varias organizaciones privadas, públicas y no gubernamentales han publicado lineamientos que proponen principios éticos para regular el uso y desarrollo de sistemas inteligentes autónomos. Los metanálisis del campo de investigación Ética de la IA apuntan a la convergencia en ciertos principios éticos que supuestamente rigen la industria de la IA. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la eficacia de esta forma de “ética”. En este artículo, nos gustaría realizar un análisis crítico del estado actual de la ética de la IA y sugerir que esta forma de gobierno basada en pautas éticas basadas en principios no es suficiente para normar la industria de la IA y sus desarrolladores. Creemos que son necesarios cambios drásticos, tanto en los procesos de formación de profesionales en los campos relacionados con el desarrollo de software y sistemas inteligentes como en el aumento de la regulación de estos profesionales y su industria. Para ello, sugerimos que el derecho se beneficie de los aportes recientes de la bioética, para hacer explícitos en términos jurídicos los aportes de la ética de la IA a la gobernanza.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Nicholas Kluge Corrêa, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Doutorando em Filosofia no PPGF da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Nythamar Fernandes de Oliveira, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Doutor e professor no PPG em Filosofia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Diogo Fernando Massmann, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Mestre em Filosofia e Ciências Cognitivas pela Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), em Marília, SP, Brasil. Doutorando em Filosofia pelo PPGF da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

Citas

BEVIR, M. Governance: A Very Short Introduction. UK, Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199606412.001.0001

BODDINGTON, P. Towards a code of ethics for artificial intelligence. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60648-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60648-4

BODENHEIMER, T.; JONSEN, A. A Short History of Medical Ethics. Journal of Public Health Policy, Basingstoke, UK, v. 22, n. 2, p. 247-249, 2001. https://doi.org/10.2307/3343467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3343467

BRIEF, A. P.; DUKERICH, J. M.; BROWN, P. R.; BRETT, J. F. What’s wrong with the treadway commission report? Experimental analyses of the effects of personal values and codes of conduct on fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, Charlottesville, Virginia, v. 15, n. 2, p. 183-198, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705586

BYNUM, T. Flourishing ethics. Ethics Inf. Technol, [S. I.], v. 8, n. 4, p. 157-173, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-006-9107-1

CALO, R. Artificial intelligence policy: a primer and roadmap. SSRN Journal, [S. I.], v. 51, p. 399-435, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3015350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3015350

CLEEK, M. A.; Leonard, S. L. Can corporate codes of ethics influence behavior? Journal of Business Ethics, [S. l.], v. 17, n. 6, p. 619-630, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017969921581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017969921581

CORRÊA, N. K.; DE OLIVEIRA, N. F. Good AI for the Present of Humanity Democratizing AI Governance. AI Ethics Journal, [S. l.], v. 2, n. 2, p. 1-16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.47289/AIEJ20210716-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47289/AIEJ20210716-2

DANIELS, N. Just Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511624971

DAVIS, J.; NATHAN, L.P. Value sensitive design: applications, adaptations, and critiques. In: VAN DEN HOVEN, J.; VERMAAS, P. E.; VAN DE POEL, I. (ed.). Handbook of Ethics, Values, and Technological Design: Sources, Theory, Values and Application Domains. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015. p. 1-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6970-0_3

FLORIDI, L.; COWLS, J.; BELTRAMETTI, M. et al. AI4People – An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations. Minds & Machines, Dordrecht, NE, v. 28, p. 689-707, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5

FRAZÃO, A.; MULHOLLAND, C. (org.). Inteligência Artificial e Direito. 2. ed. São Paulo: Thomson Reuters Brasil, 2020.

FREITAS, J.; FREITAS, T. Direito e inteligência artificial: Em defesa do humano. Belo Horizonte: Editora Fórum, 2020.

FRIEDMAN, B.; KAHN, P.H.; BORNING, A.; HULDTGREN, A. Value sensitive design and information systems. In: Early engagement and new technologies: opening up the laboratory. Berlin: Springer, 2013. p. 55–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7844-3_4

GLANNON, W. Neuroethics. Bioethics, Oxford, UK, v. 20, n. 1, p. 37-52, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2006.00474.x

GOERTZEL, K. M. Legal liability for bad software. CrossTalk, Force Base, Utah v. 29, n. 5, p. 23-28, 2016.

GOLDSMITH, J.; Burton A, E. Why teaching ethics to AI practitioners is important. In: AAAI CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, 31., 2017. Proceedings […]. [S. l.]: AAAI-17, 2017. p. 4863-4840, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14271/13992. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2022.

GREENE, D.; HOFMANR, A. L.; STARK, L. Better, nicer, clearer, fairer: A critical assessment of the movement for ethical artifcial intelligence and machine learning. In: HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES, 52., 2019. Proceedings […]. [S. l.]: HICCL, 2019. p. 2122-2131. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2019.258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2019.258

HAGENDORFF, T. The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines. Minds and Machines, Dordrecht, NE, v. 30, p. 99-120, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09526-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8

JOBIN, A.; IENCA, M.; VAYENA, E. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat Mach Intell, [S. I.], n. 1, p. 389-399, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2

LERE, J. C.; GAUMNITZ, B.R. The Impact of Codes of Ethics on Decision Making: Some Insights from Information Economics. Journal of Business Ethics, [S. I.], n. 48, p. 365-379, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000005747.37500.c8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000005747.37500.c8

MCNAMARA, A.; SMITH, J.; MURPHY-HILL, E. Does ACM’s code of ethics change ethical decision making in software development? In: ESEC/FSE 2018: ACM JOINT MEETING ON EUROPEAN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE AND SYMPOSIUM ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, 26., 2018. Proceedings […]. [S. l.], ESEC/FSE, 2018. p. 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1145/3236024.3264833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3236024.3264833

MITTELSTADT, B. Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nat Mach Intell, [S. I.], n. 1, p. 501-507, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0114-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0114-4

MORLEY, J.; et al. From what to how: an initial review of publicly available AI ethics tools, methods and research to translate principles into practices. In: ArXiv. [S. l.], 2019. Disponível em: https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04741. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3830348

OSBORN, M.; DAY, R.; KOMESAROFF, P.; MANT, A. Do ethical Guidelines make a difference to decision-making? Internal medicine journal, [S. I.], v. 39, n. 12, p. 800-805, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01954.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01954.x

RESSÉGUIER, A.; RODRIGUES, R. AI ethics should not remain toothless! A call to bring back the teeth of ethics. Big Data & Society, Waterford, Ireland, v. 7, n. 2, p. 1-5, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720942541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720942541

ROSKIES, A. Neuroethics. In: ZALTA, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [S. l.], 2021. (Spring 2021 Edition) Disponível em: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/neuroethics. Acesso em: 9 Jan 2022

RUSSELL, Stuart J.; NORVIG, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 4. ed. London: Pearson, 2022.

RUSSELL, S.; DEWEY, D.; TEGMARK, M. An Open Letter: Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence. Open Letter. Signed by 8,600 people. In: Future Online. [S. l.], 2015. Disponível em: https://futureoflife.org/data/documents/research_priorities.pdf. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2022.

SANTIAGO, N. SHERPA Delphi Study – Round 1 Results [Project Deliverable]. SHERPA project, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.project-sherpa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/sherpa-delphi-study-round-1-summary-17.03.2020.docx.pdf. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2022.

SCULLEY, D. et al. Hidden technical debt in machine learning systems. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst, [S. I.], n. 2, p. 2503-2511, 2015.

SEARLE, J. R. Minds, brains, and programs. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, [S. I.], n. 3, p. 417-457, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005756

SMITH, M. The Moral Problem. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.

UNESCO. Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. 41st session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Paris, from 9 to 24 November, 2021. Disponível em: https://en.unesco.org/artificial-intelligence/ethics. Acesso em: 9 Jan 2022

IVAKKURI, V.; KEMELL, K. K.; JANTUNEN, M.; ABRAHAMSSON, P. “This is Just a Prototype”: How Ethics Are Ignored in Software Startup-Like Environments. In: STRAY, V.; HODA, R.; PAASIVAARA, M.; KRUCHTEN, P. (ed.). Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming. XP 2020. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, [S. I.], v. 383, p. 195-210, Springer: Cham, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9_13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9_13

ZOLLERS, F. E.; MCMULLIN, A.; HURD, S. N.; SHEARS, P. No More Soft Landings for Software: Liability for Defects in an Industry That Has Come of Age. Santa Clara High Tech. L. J., [S. l.], v. 21, p. 745-782, 2005. Disponível em: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj/vol21/iss4/4. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2022.

Publicado

2022-08-11

Cómo citar

Corrêa, N. K., Oliveira, N. F. de, & Massmann, D. F. (2022). Sobre la eficacia de la ética como herramienta rectora de la inteligencia artificial. Veritas (Porto Alegre), 67(1), e42584. https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2022.1.42584

Número

Sección

Ética e Filosofia Política