Inequality on the top: black and white employers in Brazilian job market
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2016.2.22735Keywords:
Inequality. Income. Employer. Race. Sex.Abstract
The employers, due to their position on the capital-labour ratio, would probably occupy high-income strata. However, there are income gaps, as occurs with wage in black and white workers, where the former become employers in traditionally less privileged sectors and occupations with high levels of informality, in small ventures which with lower stability. This article: a) presents a brief profile of black and white employers in Brazil; b) demonstrate the insertion inequalities in the job market structure; c) measure the average income differentials in order to determine the weight of productive factors and race or sex-based discrimination over employer’s average incomes. Based on quantitative analytic models, as the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method, we argue there is a significant wage gap between race and sex groups of Brazilian employers that cannot be credited only to associated factors like educational level, tenure or different occupation locations, but comes otherwise of an unexplained residue attributed to race and sex discrimination.
Downloads
References
ATKINSON, A. Income and inequality in OECD countries: data and explanation. CESIfo Economic Studies, v. 49, n. 4, p. 479-513, 2003 <10.1093/cesifo/49.4.479>.
BECKER, Gary Stanley. Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, v. 70, n. 5, parte 2, p. 9-49, 1962.
BLINDER, Alan Stuart. Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, v. 8, n. 4 p. 436-455, 1973 <10.2307/144855>.
CACCIAMALI, Maria Cristina; TATEI, Fábio. Género y salarios de la fuerza de trabajo calificada en Brasil y México. Problemas del Desarrollo, v. 44, n. 172, p. 53-79, 2013.
CARVALHO, A. P.; NÉRI, M. C.; SILVA, D. B. Diferenciais de salários por raça e gênero: aplicação dos procedimentos de Oaxaca e Heckman em pesquisas amostrais complexas. Caxambu, 2006. 15. Encontro de Estudos Populacionais (Abep)
www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/encontro2006/docspdf/ABEP2006_695.pdf>.
CARD, David; DINARDO, John E. Skill-biased technological change and rising wage inequality: some problems and puzzles. Journal of Labor Economics, v. 20, n. 4, p. 733-783, 2002 <10.1086/342055>.
DAHRENDORF, R. Class and class conflict in industrial society. In: David Grusky (org.). Social stratification: race, class and gender in sociological perspective. 4. ed. Colorado: Westview Press, 2014. p. 143-149.
DIPRETE, Thomas A. What has sociology to contribute to the study of inequality trends? A historical and comparative perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 50, n. 5, p. 603–618, 2007 <10.1177/0002764206295009>.
ERIKSON, Robert; GOLDTHORPE, John H. The constant flux: a study of class mobility in industrial societies. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1992.
ERIKSON, Robert, GOLDTHORPE, John H. Intergenerational inequality: a
sociological perspective. Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 16, n. 3, p. 31-44, 2002 <10.1257/089533002760278695>.
GRUSKY, Dadid. The past, present, and future of social inequality. In: David Grusky (org.). Social stratification: class, race and gender in sociological perspective. Boulder: Westview, 2001. p. 3-51.
GUIMARÃES, Nadya Araújo. Os desafios da equidade: reestruturação e desigualdades de gênero e raça no Brasil. Cadernos Pagu, n. 17-18, p. 237-266, 2002 <10.1590/S0104-83332002000100009>.
JANN, Ben. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. The Stata Journal, v. 8, n. 4, p. 453-479, 2008.
HASENBALG, C. Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979.
HASENBALG, C.; SILVA, N. V. Estrutura social, mobilidade e raça. Rio de Janeiro: Vértice, 1988.
HASENBALG, C.; SILVA, N. V.; LIMA, M. Cor e estratificação social no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: ContraCapa, 1999.
HASENBALG, C.; SILVA, N. V. (orgs.). Origens e destinos: desigualdade sociais ao longo da vida. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 2003.
LIMA, M. Serviço de branco, serviço de preto: um estudo sobre cor e trabalho no Brasil urbano. Iuperj: Rio de Janeiro, 2001. Tese de doutorado em Sociologia.
LIMA, Márcia. “Raça” e pobreza em contextos metropolitanos. Tempo Social, v. 24, n. 2, 2012 <10.1590/S0103-20702012000200012>.
MEDEIROS, M. O que faz os ricos ricos? Um estudo sobre os fatores que determinam a riqueza. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, 2003. Tese de Doutorado em Sociologia.
MINCER, J. Schooling, experience, and earnings. New York: NBER, 1974.
MYLES, John. Where have all the sociologists gone? Explaining income inequality. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, v. 28, n. 4, p. 551-559, 2003 <10.2307/3341842>.
OAXACA, Ronald. Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets.
International Economic Review, v. 14, n. 3, p. 693-709, 1973 <10.2307/2525981>.
OSÓRIO, R. G. A mobilidade social dos negros brasileiros. Ipea: Texto para discussão 1033, 2004.
OSÓRIO, R. G. A desigualdade racial de renda no Brasil: 1976-2006. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília, 2009. Tese de doutorado em Sociologia.
PIKETTY, Thomas, SAEZ, Emmanuel. Income inequality in the United States 1913-1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics, v. 118, n. 1 p. 1-41, 2003 <10.1162/00335530360535135>.
RIBEIRO, C. A. C. Desigualdade de oportunidades no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Argvmentvm, 2009.
ROCHA, E. F. O negro no mundo dos ricos: um estudo sobre a disparidade racial de riqueza no Brasil com os dados do censo demográfico de 2010. Universidade de Brasília: Brasília, 2015. Tese de doutorado em Sociologia.
SANTOS, José Alcides Figueiredo. Efeitos de classe na desigualdade racial no Brasil. Dados, v. 48, n. 1, p. 21-65, 2005 <10.1590/S0011-52582005000100003>.
SANTOS, José Alcides Figueiredo. Classe social e desigualdade de gênero no Brasil. Dados, v. 51 n. 2, p. 353-402, 2008 <10.1590/S0011-52582008000200005>.
SANTOS, José Alcides Figueiredo. A interação estrutural entre a desigualdade de raça e de gênero no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, v. 24, n. 70, p. 37-60, 2009 <10.1590/S0102-69092009000200003>.
SCALON, Celi. Ensaios de estratificação. Belo Horizonte: Argumentum, 2009.
SOARES, S. S. D. O perfil da discriminação no mercado de trabalho: homens negros, mulheres brancas e mulheres negras. Ipea, Texto para discussão n. 769, 2000.
SØRENSEN, Aage B. Toward a sounder basis for class analysis. American Journal of Sociology, v. 105, n. 6, p. 1523-1558, 2000 <10.1086/210463>.
THERBORN, G. Sexo e poder: a família no mundo, 1900-2000. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2006.
TILLY, Charles. Durable inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
WRIGHT, Erik Olin; PERRONE, Luca. Marxist class categories and income inequality. American Sociological Review, v. 42, n. 1, p. 32-55, 1977 <10.2307/2117730>.
WRIGHT, E. O. Class structure and income determination. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
WRIGHT, E. O. Intersections and interactions: thinking about the relationship between class and other forms of inequality. Lecture 7, Sociology 298, 2002 <https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/SOC621/298lec7.pdf> (18 mar. 2015).
WRIGHT, E. O. Approaches to class analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005 <10.1017/CBO9780511488900>.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Civitas – Journal of Social Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The submission of originals to this journal implies the transfer by the authors of the right for printed and digital publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite this journal as the site of original publication. As the journal is of open access, the articles are allowed for free use in scientific and educational applications, with citation of the source (please see the Creative Commons License at the bottom of this page).
