Internationalization of Higher Education: some reflections on Russia and China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1981-2582.2017.3.28799Palavras-chave:
Russia. China. Internacionalização. Ensino Superior.Resumo
Given that there appears to be a dichotomy within the BRICS, we focus on Russia and China, discussing recent developments in their respective Higher Educational systems, and what these changes might mean in terms of internationalization. Moreover, given that the importance of Higher Education for a balanced development is something that is now widely recognised by International Organizations, such as the World Bank and UNESCO, as well as by governments, we enquire if past and current changes in Russian and Chinese Higher Educational systems have encouraged balanced development in those countries.
***A internacionalização do Educação Superior: algumas reflexões sobre a Rússia e China***
Dado que parece haver uma dicotomia entre os países que compoe os BRICS, nos concentramos na Rússia e na China, discutindo os desenvolvimentos recentes em seus respectivos sistemas de Educação Superior e o que essas mudanças podem significar em termos de internacionalização. Além disso, uma vez que a importância do Ensino Superior para um desenvolvimento equilibrado é algo agora amplamente reconhecido por Organizações Internacionais, como o Banco Mundial e a UNESCO, bem como por governos, investigamos se mudanças passadas e atuais no sistema Russo e Chinês de Educação Superior incentivaram o desenvolvimento equilibrado nesses países.
Downloads
Referências
BARMA, N.; RATNER, E.; WEBER, S. A World Without the West”. The National Interest, v. 90, p. 23-30, July-Aug. 2007.
BJARNASON, S.; CHENG, K; M.; FIELDEN, J. A New Dynamic: private higher education. Paris: UNESCO, 2009. p. 8-13.
CAI, Y. Confronting the global and the local – a case study of Chinese Higher Education. In: Tertiary Education and Management, v. 10, issue 2, p. 157-169, 2004.
CAI, Y.; YAN, F. Universities and Higher Education. In: Morgan , W. John., Gu, Qing; Li, Fengliang. Handbook of Education in China. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2017. p. 169-193.
CAO, Y.; LEVY, DC. China’s Private Higher Education: The Impact of Public-Sector Privatisation. In: International Higher Education, p. 14 -15, 2015. Available on: <https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ihe/article/download/7508/6702>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
CHEN, X. Developmental Challenges Experienced by Three Successful Private Higher Education Institutions in the People’s Republic of China: A Case Study. PhD Thesis. 2011. Available on: <http://www.proquest.com> [UMI 3477860]. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29)
CLANCY, P.; GOASTELLEC, G. Exploring access and equity in higher education: Performance in comparative perspective. In: Higher Education Quarterly, v. 61, issue 2, p. 136-154, 2007.
COFER, J. E.; SOMERS, P. A China e a Educação Superior. In: Morosini, M. C.; Somers, P. (Ed.). O Sonho da Educação Superior nos MBRICS. Porto Alegre: EdiPUCRS, 2015. p. 99-118.
COFER, J. E.; PRITCHETT, K. O.; HEITZMAN, A. C.; SOMERS, P. A Rússia e a Educação Superior. In: Morosini, M. C.; Somers, P. (Ed.). O Sonho da Educação Superior nos MBRICS. Porto Alegre: EdiPUCRS, 2015. p. 59-76.
GÄNZLE, S.; MEISTER, S.; KING, C. The Bologna process and its impact on higher education at Russia’s margins: the case of Kaliningrad. In: Higher Education, v. 57, issue 4, p. 533-547, 2009.
GAT, A. The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers. Foreign Affairs, July/Aug. 2007. Available on: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2007-07-01/returnauthoritarian-great-powers>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 23).
GEROIMENKO, V. A.; KLIUCHAREV, G. A.; Morgan , W. J. Private Higher Education in Russia: capacity for innovation and investment. In: European Journal of Education, v. 47, n. 1, p. 77-91, 2012.
GOLDMAN SACHS. Building Better Global Economics BRICs. 2001, Available on: <http://pro790512df.pic10. websiteonline.cn/upload/building-better-pdf_geEM.pdf>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 20).
GOLDMAN SACHS. Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050. 2003. Available on: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/ academia.edu.documents/31055102/3_The_challenge_of_BRICs.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1505922634&Signature=ZPC2dHeYCnv1cNNDZMlONAXKm9I%3D&response-contentdisposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D1._Dreaming_with_BRICs_the_path_to_2050.pdf>. (Last access on: 2017,Sept. 20).
HAHN, R. The private financing of higher education. International Higher Education, Boston: Boston College, n. 50, 2007.
HART-LANDSBERG, M.; BURKETT, P. China and Socialism. 2010. Available on: <https://monthlyreview.org/product/china_and_socialism/>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
HOSSLER, D.; SHONIA, O. N.; WINKLE-WAGNER, R. A policy analysis of the status of access and equity for tertiary education in Russia. European Education, v. 39, issue 2, p. 83-102, 2007.
JOHNSTONE, D. B.; ARORA, A.; EXPERTON, W. The Financing and Management of Higher Education: A Status Report on World Bank Reforms. Washington, DC: World Bank. 1998.
KRAMER, M. The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 1), Journal of Cold War Studies, v. 5, issue 4, p. 178-256. 2003.
LEE, S.; MALIN, B. Education’s role in China’s structural transformation. In: Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Washington, District of Columbia: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2009. p. 41.
LI, F.; MORGAN, W. J.; DING, X. The Expansion of Higher Education, Employment and Over-Education in China. International Journal of Educational Development, v. 28, p. 687-697. 2008.
LIU, D.; MORGAN, W. J. Students’ Decision-Making About Postgraduate Education at G University in China: The Main Factors and the Role of Family and of Teachers. In: Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. 2015. p. 1-14 (early view).
MCCOWAN, T. Forging Radical Alternatives in Higher Education: The Case of Brazil. In: Other Education, v. 5, issue 2, p. 196-220, 2016.
MIN, W. Economic Transition and Higher Education Reform in China. PKU GSE Newsletter 089. 2005. Available on: <http://www.gse.pku.edu.en/jianbao/200517.htm> (in Chinese). (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
MORGAN, W. J.; KLIUCHAREV, G. A. Editorial: Higher Education and the Post-Soviet Transition in Russia. In: European Journal of Education, v. 47, n. 1, p. 3-8, 2012.
NBSC. China Statistical Yearbook. 2014. Available on: <http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
O’CLERY, C. Moscow, December 25, 1991: the Last Day of the Soviet Union. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
PROTAPENKO, M. Student Loans in Russia. University at Buffalo, Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education. 2002. Available on: <http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/files/Publications/russian/studentLoanInRussia12-29-2006.pdf> (in Russian). (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
SLANTCHEVA, S.; LEVY, D. C. (Ed.). Private Higher Education in Post-Communist Europe: in Search of Legitimacy, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. 2007.
UNESCO. Governance Reforms in Higher Education. Li, M.; Yang , R. (Ed.). Paris. Available on: <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002318/231858e.pdf>. (Last access on: 2017, Oct. 03).
VESTERGAARD, J.; WADE, R .H. Out of the woods: Gridlock in the IMF, and the World Bank puts multilateralism at risk. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2014.
WANG, S. M. (Ed.). Reports on China’s educational development (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Normal University. 2000.
WANHUA, M. Massification of Chinese Higher Education: Policies and Practices. In: Collins, C. S.; Lee, M. N. N.; Hawkins , J. N.; Neubauer , D. E. The Palgrave Handbook of Asia-Pacific Higher Education, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2016. p. 455-468.
WU, B.; ZHENG, Y. Expansion of higher education in China: Challenges and implications. Briefing Series, 36. 2008. Available on: <http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/cpi/documents/briefings/briefing-36-china-higher-education-expansion.pdf>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
YANG, L. World Education Finance and Higher Education Access: Econometrics Analyses of International Indicators and the Implications for China. PhD Thesis. Available on: <http://www.proquest.com> (UMI 3459080). (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
ZAJDA, J. Reforms in higher education in the Russian Federation. In: European Education, v. 39, issue 2, p. 20-36. 2007.
ZHENG, J.; BIGSTEN, A.; HU, A. Can China’s Growth Be Sustained? A Productivity Perspective. In: Proceedings of the PKU CCER 449 Seminar, Available on: <http://www.ccer.pku.edu.cn/download/7214-2.pdf>. (Last access on: 2017, Sept. 29).
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Direitos Autorais
A submissão de originais para a Educação implica na transferência, pelos autores, dos direitos de publicação. Os direitos autorais para os artigos publicados nesta revista são do autor, com direitos da revista sobre a primeira publicação. Os autores somente poderão utilizar os mesmos resultados em outras publicações indicando claramente a Educação como o meio da publicação original.
Licença Creative Commons
Exceto onde especificado diferentemente, aplicam-se à matéria publicada neste periódico os termos de uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional, que permite o uso irrestrito, a distribuição e a reprodução em qualquer meio desde que a publicação original seja corretamente citada.
