Efeitos da liberação comercial sobre o agronegócio do Brasil, 1994/2004
Abstract
Depois de mais de quinze anos da liberalização comercial, a produtividade do setor agroexportador tem aumentado consideravelmente. Desde 1987, essa política provocou intensa desregulamentação dos mercados agrícolas, com menor intervenção do estado na agricultura, via limitação dos gastos governamentais e maior exposição da agricultura brasileira ao comércio internacional. Como resultado, em 2004 o setor agrícola respondeu por 41,2% das exportações brasileiras. Este artigo, portanto, tem por objetivo discutir os fatores que impulsionaram as exportações agrícolas brasileiras após a abertura comercial. Essa abertura e a adoção de políticas de estabilização econômica resultaram em um crescimento de mais de 170% das exportações agrícolas entre 1994 e 2004. Além disso, a participação do agronegócio no PIB total foi de 34% em 2004 e, nesse ano, o Brasil passou a exportar cerca de 39 bilhões de produtos agrícolas para os principais mercados importadores.
Palavras-chave – Liberalização comercial. Políticas de estabilização. Exportações agrícolas. Agronegócio.
Abstract
After more than fifteen years of trade liberation have passed in Brazil, the change in the productivity of the agro-exportation sector has been observed by even the hardest defenders of protectionism in the sector. Since 1987, a policy of liberation in the Brazilian economy has provoked an intense deregulation of the agricultural markets, consisting in a decrease of the State intervention in the agriculture through a limitation of the governmental expenses and a larger exposition of the Brazilian agriculture to the international trade. As a result, in 2004 this sector responded for 41,15% of the Brazilian total exportations. This text, therefore, has the goal to discuss the factors that impel the growth of the agricultural exportations in Brazil after trade opening. The trade opening and the usage of economical stabilization policies resulted in a raise of more than 170% of the agricultural exportations between 1994 and 2004. Besides that, the participation in the agribusiness in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was of 34% in 2004 and in this year the country has started to export about 39 billions of agricultural products to its major import markets.
Key words – Commercial liberation. Stabilization policies. Agricultural exports. Agribusiness.
Jel Classification – Q17, Agriculture in international trade. Q13, Agricultural markets and marketing, cooperatives, agribusiness.
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