Relações entre geração de conhecimento e desenvolvimento econômico
Abstract
Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar as relações entre geração de conhecimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Países com baixa escolaridade também apresentam baixa produtividade de sua mão-de-obra. A educação aparece como fator de redução das desigualdades sociais ao melhorar os salários dos trabalhadores, permitindo sua ascensão social. Gastos com educação proporcionam retornos crescentes para os indivíduos e para o setor produtivo, ao elevar os ganhos salariais e a produtividade. Esses gastos constituem apenas uma parte dos gastos com capital humano, devendo incluir-se aqueles referentes à saúde, cultura e lazer. População bem treinada, saudável e motivada torna-se mais produtiva, o que eleva a produtividade dos fatores e o produto social. A educação constitui apenas parte da produção de conhecimento, sendo preciso incluir a pesquisa básica e aplicada. O conhecimento eleva as produtividades do capital físico, do trabalho e do capital humano: um mesmo conhecimento, gerado por determinado nível de gasto, produz um retorno mais do que proporcional, uma vez que pode ser usado pelo conjunto de firmas da economia.
Palavras-chave – Educação e desenvolvimento econômico. Crescimento endógeno. Capital humano.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between knowledge and economic development. Countries with low educational level also have low labor productivity. Education reduces social inequalities by improving wages. Investments in education generate increasing returns for individuals and productive sector, rising income and productivity. These expenditures represent just a parcel the expenditure in human capital, which also include those referent to labor training, health care, culture and leisure. Population well trained, healthy and motivated is more productive what raises the total factor productivity and social product. The expenditures in education constitute just a part of the total expenditures related to the production of knowledge. It is also composed by expenditures with basic and applied research. The knowledge can be considered a production factor that rises the productivity of the physical capital, of the labor and human capital, producing increasing returns.
Key words – Education and economic development. Endogenous growth. Human capital.
JEL Classification – A2, Economics education and teaching of economics. I23, Higher education research institutions. O15, Human resources; human development; income distribution; migration.
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