Teoria dos pólos, regiões inteligentes e sistemas regionais de inovação
Abstract
Este artigo estuda a teoria dos pólos de crescimento, envolvendo as noções de: indústria motriz, formas de polarização, economias e deseconomias de aglomeração, separatismo ou renúncia de soberania e despolarização, com exemplos de sua aplicação regional. Liga-se a teoria dos pólos com a abordagem schumpeteriana do desenvolvimento, a teoria do crescimento endógeno e os conceitos de meios inovadores, regiões inteligentes e sistemas regionais de inovação. A idéia é a que a própria teoria dos pólos possui uma abordagem endógena, noção realçada pelos conceitos de meios inovadores e afins. Estes são os núcleos das regiões inteligentes, que pressupõe uma periferia. A idéia básica é a de que a interação entre os agentes locais, formados por empresários, pesquisadores de universidades, técnicos de agências públicas e privadas de pesquisa, entre outros, é fundamental para alavancar a pesquisa tecnológica e a sua aplicação produtiva. Os sistemas de inovação centram-se na idéia de difusão das inovações dos centros nacionais para os regionais, assim como na interação entre todos os agentes envolvidos. Tornam-se imprescindíveis ao desenvolvimento regional instituições eficientes, economias de aglomeração e criação e difusão de novas tecnologias. Isso implica intensa interação e cooperação entre os atores locais do desenvolvimento econômico regional.
Palavras-chave: Pólos de crescimento. Meios inovadores. Regiões inteligentes. Sistemas regionais de inovação.
Abstract
This paper studies the growth poles theory, dealing with the notions of the growth-inducing industries, forms of economic polarization, economies and diseconomies of agglomeration, separation or regional integration and economic depolarization, as well as examples of regional application of the growth poles theory. This theory is related to the Schumpeterian approach of economic development, to the endogenous growth theory and to the concepts of the innovative ambiences, learning regions and regional innovation systems. The idea is that growth poles theory has a endogenous approach, with is emphasized by notions of innovative ambiences, and related issues. Those are the core of the learning regions, which has a periphery. The basic idea is that the interaction between the local agents is fundamental to promote the technological research and its productive application. The local agents are the entrepreneurs, university researchers, technicians of the public and private agencies, among others. The systems of innovation focus the idea that innovations spreads from the national to the regional centers, as well as on the interaction among all the agents involved. Essential to the regional development are the efficiency of local institutions, economies of agglomeration and new technologies. This implies an intensive interaction between all the local actors of the regional economic development.
Key words: Growth poles. Networks and innovative ambiences. Learning regions. Regional innovation systems.
Jel Classification: R11 – Regional economic activity: growth, development, and changes.
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