Revista Odonto Ciência

White blood cell count of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma at the time of diagnosis: a cross-sectional retrospective study of a population from southern Brazil

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: To describe sociodemographic variables and verify changes in white blood cells of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
METHODS: Cross-sectional retrospective study that used secondary data of patients with OSCC, attended at the Oral Medicine Service of the School of Dentistry of ULBRA, between 2010 and 2014.
RESULTS: 87.3% of the population were male, white (71%), age superior to 60 years (38.7%), urban worker (61.3%), without changing in the overall health at query time (67.7%) and residents of the municipality of Canoas/RS (93.6%). The most prevalent injuries sites were the buccal floor, alveolar ridge, corners of the mouth and gums (61.3%). 74.2% of the sample were smokers and 45.2% drinkers. As for the WBC, most patients presented values within the normal range: total leukocytes (77.4%), lymphocytes (87.1%) and neutrophils (96.8%).
CONCLUSION: The profile of the sample was consistent with literature: white males over the age of 40 years, smokers/former-smokers and alcoholics/ex-alcoholics. The patients did not show changes in the white blood cells (leukogram) values. It is recommended that more research should be conducted in this area of knowledge, due to the importance of the subject.

Performance evaluation of different observers in the interpretation of panoramic radiographs by the mandibular cortical index

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Mandibular Cortical Index (MCI) is useful in osteoporosis screening. This study aim was to verify the impact of different expertise levels in the observers’ performances of MCI evaluation in panoramic radiographs (PR).
METHODS: Six participants were recruited: one Oral Radiology professor with previous experience (#1), one master’s degree student and radiologist with previous experience (#2), one PhD student and non-radiologist with previous experience (#3), one PhD student and radiologist with no prior experience (#4) and two master’s degree students with no prior experience (#5 and #6). Observers were trained to use the MCI before analyzing 150 PRs of patients with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination.
RESULTS: The Spearman’s Correlation test showed inverse and weak to moderate correlation between MCI and T-scores, and it varied was according to the observe that performed the evaluation. Observers #2 and #3 (with previous MCI experience) showed the highest agreement with the professor, followed by students #4, #5 and #6.
CONCLUSION: Students’ expertise using the MCI increased the agreement with the professor regardless of whether the student was an oral radiology specialist; the MCI was correlated with the DXA in all the observer’s evaluations, which indicates that previous training for the MCI can enable any dentist to apply it in osteoporosis screening.

Human pulp pesponse to Portland cement and MTA

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pulpal response to direct pulp capping in healthy human teeth with Portland cement (PC) as against mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as control.
METHODS: Forty healthy human third molars indicated for extraction were randomly divided into two groups: PC and MTA. The teeth had iatrogenic pulp exposed and direct pulp capping with PC or MTA. After 1, 7, 14 and 21 days, the teeth were extracted and prepared for histological examination and bacterial detection. The Mann-Whitney test was applied for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).
RESULTS: The MTA presented higher capacity to form of dentin bridges at 14- and 21-day intervals (p < 0.05). However, no significant statistical difference was found between the groups at all evaluated intervals (p > 0.05) for the response variables of inflammatory cells, soft tissue organization and bacterial staining.
CONCLUSION: The PC has a biocompatibility equivalent to the MTA but with a lower capacity to form of dentin bridges. Therefore, MTA should be the material of choice for direct pulp capping.

Spatial analysis of caries experience in population of teens, adults, and elderly people in the state of São Paulo: data from SB SP 2015

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence and gravity of coronal dental caries for populations of adolescents, adults and elderly people.
METHODS: For the crossing of data of the average DMF rates by Regional Health Directorate (RHD) with the digital cartographical base, municipals were grouped by RHD, and the connection between the two bases was formed by a common code or “primary key” in the TerraView® software program (version 4.2.1).
RESULTS: The distribution of the DMF average for the teen population was the worst for RHD 8, while RHDs 4, 7 and 14 had lower averages. For the adult population, RHDs 4 and 12 presented the lowest DMF averages. On the other hand, RHDs 8, 13, and 16 had the worst results. For the elderly population, the RHD 4 presented the lowest average, and RHD 9 the highest DMF rate for this population.
CONCLUSION: The differences in DMF averages among the RHDs and the populations studied showed that it is necessary to plan different locoregional oral health actions to face the severe clinical state exposed, since its spatial distribution is disparate, with concentrations of cases in certain regions for all age groups studied.

Association of socioeconomic and educational indicators with dental caries among 12-year-old students living in a capital city in southern Brazil

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental caries in a population of 12-year-old schoolchildren in the city of Curitiba and to evaluate the association between dental caries and socioeconomic and educational variables.
METHODS: Data were obtained from a socioeconomic and educational questionnaire assessment and a clinical examination to determine the index of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF-T). A total of 451 children were examined, and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 14.0 and Stata programs.
RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 22.2%, with a mean DMF-T of 0.37 (±0.90). Schoolchildren in public schools showed a higher mean DMF-T (0.39±0.93) and were 3.98 times more likely to develop caries compared to students from private schools. With regard to socioeconomic factors, the prevalence of dental caries in children in class C was 3.51 times greater than that in children in class A, i.e., 251% greater. There was also an association between low maternal education and an increase in the prevalence of dental caries in children.
CONCLUSION: In this study, dental caries is directly associated with low socioeconomic and cultural indicators of children’s families.

Epidemiological study of lesions of the maxillofacial complex diagnosed by UNIME histopathology laboratory, Lauro de Freitas, Bahia

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies have great importance for oral health as they show the prevalence of various diseases in their respective environments, in addition to being able to characterize a given population. The objective of this work is to identify the prevalence of oral lesions in dental clinics of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Health of the Metropolitan Union of Education and Culture (UNIME – Lauro de Freitas) in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of this population.
METHODS: The sample was composed by 434 histopathological reports of oral lesions diagnosed from 2003 to 2014, correlating them with the following variables: sex, age, type of biopsy (incisional/excisional), histopathologic diagnosis, clinical suspicion and anatomical location.
REULTS: The epidemiological profile of patients affected by oral diseases had high percentage of females (62.9%), with mean age of 39 years, and the most prevalent type of biopsy was the excisional (72.81%). The data showed non-neoplastic proliferative processes as the most prevalent group of lesions (24.2%), followed by odontogenic cysts (17.5%). Lesions were most often presented in the mandible (19.6%), followed by periapex (18.89%), gum (11.75%) and jugal mucosa (9.45%).
CONCLUSION: The non-neoplastic proliferative processes can be prevented with simple measures of oral health.

Musculoskeletal Disorders among Brazilian Dentists in São Paulo

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at investigating the relationships between health and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in dentists, and the relationship with socio-demographic, work and health variables.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 204 dentists who work in public clinics in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We used a self-administered survey that included questions on sociodemographic and health aspects, work-related factors, and the Nordic questionnaire.
RESULTS: WMSDs were often reported in the neck, shoulder, lower back, and hand/wrists. Logistic regression analysis revealed that there was a correlation between reports of WMSD in the neck and age (OR = 9.48) and health problems (OR = 6.71). Moreover, strong associations were found between MSDs in the shoulders, gender (OR = 5.88) and breaks between appointments (OR = 4.17).
CONCLUSION: We concluded that the health problems diagnosed, work-related activities and gender contributed to musculoskeletal disorders in dentists in this clinic.

Molecular characterization of Streptococcus mutans gtfB gene isolated from families

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Caries is a multifactorial infectious disease and the main etiological agent is the bacteria Streptococcus mutans due to its virulence factors, which enable the adherence to dental enamel and favours the formation of dental biofilm through the production of extracellular polysaccharides. The transmission of S. mutans can occur between people, often within families. The present study aimed to evaluate the intrafamily genetic pattern of S. mutans through partial sequencing of the gene that encodes the glucosyltransferase β (gtfB) enzyme.
METHODS: We previously analyzed saliva samples from 40 individuals from nine families, and it was obtained 64 isolates biochemically characterized as S. mutans. The isolates were evaluated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Those with greater similarity were characterized by partial sequence 16S rRNA gene and the gtfB gene sequencing.
RESULTS: It was observed genetic similarity among strains isolated from individuals with caries activity; while isolates from individual without caries showed that they are genetically distinct, suggesting a different virulence pattern.
CONCLUSION: The present results demonstrated that partial sequencing of the gtfB gene showed to be a potential marker to investigate genetic pattern and virulence of S. mutans, deserving further investigation in order to identify families at risk of caries.

Survival and factors associated with mandibular overdenture fractures with immediate loading

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Survival rates of mandibular overdentures on two implants retained by bar-clip system with immediate loading and the factors related to fractures was analyzed.
METHODS: Twenty-three subjects were followed for 32 months. Fracture occurrence was the outcome variable, while the thickness of denture base, maxillomandibular space and masticatory efficiency comprised the independent variables.
RESULTS: The survival rate was 49.5%, with 34.7% of fractures. There was no association between the independent variables and fractures.
CONCLUSION: So, the risk of mandibular overdenture fractures with immediate loading is high. Furthermore, masticatory efficiency, thickness of the denture base and maxillomandibular space did not influence the incidence of fractures.

Influence of soft-start curing protocol in the degree of conversion of a nanohybrid resin composite

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of the soft-start curing protocol in the degree of conversion of a nanohybrid composite.
METHODS: Ten specimens were prepared from the polymerization of the composite resin Llis using two protocols: conventional (1000 mW/cm² for 20 seconds) or gradual (250 mW/cm² for 20 seconds + 1000 mW/cm² for 15 seconds). Then, analyzes were performed using a spectrophotometer and data were subjected to Two-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. The significance level was 5%.
RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the average resin conversion degree of composite values in the base area and top for both curing protocols (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Therefore, the use of soft-start curing protocol did not interfere in the degree of conversion of a nanohybrid composite.

Comparison between cardiovascular effects of adrenaline and phenylephrine associated with lidocaine and the effects of felypressin with prilocaine during intrabucal anesthesia in ASA I patients

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the cardiovascular effects by infiltration of 1:100.000 epinephrine and 1:2.500 phenylephrine associated with 2% lidocaine compared with the effects by infiltration of 0.03 IU/ml felypressin with 3% prilocaine, during surgery of third molars in ASA I patients.
METHODS: Eighteen patients were divided into two groups. In group I (GI), the effects of epinephrine vs felypressin were evaluated and in group II (GII), the effects of phenylephrine vs felypressin. Cardiovascular parameters: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SatO2) were measured in pre, trans and post-operative periods.
RESULTS: Statistical analysis (T-TEST) on the cardiovascular parameters demonstrated with significance that, GI: felypressin presented HR average reduction in the postoperative period and SatO2 average reduction in trans and postoperative periods. For GII: felypressin presented SatO2 average reduction in the postoperative period; SBP averages for patients submitted to phenylephrine increased in trans and postoperative periods; and DBP averages for patients submitted to phenylephrine increased in pre and trans-operative periods.
COCLUSION: We can conclude that phenylephrine may lead to increased SBP and DBP and felypressin generated a reduction in HR and SatO2. All these changes were well tolerated by ASA I patients.

Analysis of preparation time, wear, transportation and centering ability of Flexofile and Prodesign® M manual instruments in curved root canals preparation

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate preparation time, wear, transportation, and centering ability of two manual instruments, namely Flexofile and Prodesign® M, in curved root canal preparation.
METHODS: Forty mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals of the first or second lower molars were used, with standard length, degree, and radius of curvature among all samples. The canals were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n=20) according to the preparation instrument analyzed. The preparations were performed by a single operator. The preparation time was controlled, and the values obtained were analyzed. To verify the wear, transportation, and centering ability of the instruments, tomography images were taken before and after instrumentation. The analysis was performed using axial sections previously identified at 2 mm below the tooth apex with the aid of the OnDemand3DTM Dental program. For statistical analysis, Student’s t-test was used, with a significance level of 5%.
RESULTS: The time required to prepare root canals was lesser using Prodesign® M instruments than using Flexofile instruments. Regarding tooth wear, no statistical difference was observed. However, Flexofile instruments had a low centralization capacity in root canal preparation, and there is a trend of transport in the mesial direction of the root canal.
CONCLUSION: Although no statistical difference was observed between the two instruments, the Prodesign® M instruments had a better cantering ability in the preparation. As well as, the time required to prepare the root canals was inferior when Prodesign® M was used.

Laminate veneers: mimetizing nature through anatomical remodeling – case report

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Dental aesthetics is one of the areas of dentistry that has most advanced in terms of procedures, techniques and materials. Changes in color, shape, and texture are commonly cited as grounds for complaint, which are sometimes characterized by details, making the work challenging. The objective of this work is to report the planning and execution of a clinical case of smile harmonization with ceramic laminates for remodeling smile.
CASE DESCRITION: A male patient consulted a specialist to refine the appearance of his smile that already had a satisfactory pattern of color and texture. The planning was started using digital smile planning, followed by diagnostic waxing of the elements involved. The planning approval took place through the Mock up. The dental grinding performed was minimal and followed a silicone wear guide. The pieces were made in lithium disilicate and installed under absolute isolation according to the cementing protocol of the material. The finishing and polishing completed the installation of the pieces, removing excesses and guaranteeing periodontal compatibility.
CONCLUSION: We conclude that indirect aesthetic treatments currently have a minimally invasive character and are highly accepted due to their ability to remodel the smile with perfection and naturalness.

Recurrent mechanical complications in an implant-supported fixed complete denture: a clinical report

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

INTRODUCTION: Several factors can lead to mechanical complications in implant-supported fixed complete dentures (IFCD).
CASE DESCRIPTION: This clinical report presents a clinical case of a maxillary IFCDP with recurrent mechanical complications and a possible causal interaction between patient’s intrinsic characteristics (bruxism and high occlusal force) and technical procedures (framework design, occlusal adjustment, interocclusal splint, and posterior occlusal support).
CONCLUSION: The 3-year follow-up findings highlight the need for a comprehensive and systemic approach to manage a challenging case of an IFCD patient with moderate bruxism and high occlusal force.

Excisions of 4 unerupted canines in the mentonian region of the mandible – kisses teeth

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Unerupted tooth, also called impacted tooth by some authors, is a dental organ that, even when fully developed did not erupt at the regular time, lying inside the bone completely surrounded by bone tissue or bone and mucosal tissue. The unerupted canines study is very important in dentistry, since successful results depend on early diagnosis for proper treatment management, however, despite the importance of this issue, few studies were found in the literature.
CASE DESCRPTION: This paper reported a clinical case of a 14-year-old female patient who had four canines in the mentonian region of the mandible surrounded by a dentigerous cyst. The patient underwent a surgical procedure under general anesthesia for the teeth and dentigerous cyst removal.

Surgical resection of pleomorphic adenoma

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: The Pleomorphic Adenoma is the most common among benign neoplasm derived from salivary glands and it might suggest malignancy when there is some sort of fast growth, pain, facial nerve involvement and cervical adenopathy. Its onset occurs between 40 and 60 years old and prevails on the female gender. Salivary glands tumor diagnosis depends on a precise pathological diagnosis as well as non-invasive examinations, which include ultrasonography, sialography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The most recommended surgical treatment is the complete lesion excision, indispensable to avoid possible recurrence. Depending on the lesion situs, size, depth, and volume, the surgical technique choice for the pleomorphic adenoma may vary. The adenoma keeps developing if it is not completely removed.
CASE DESCRIPTION: The present paper aims to describe a clinical case of a female melanodermic patient, aged 29 years old, who attended the MaxilloFacial Surgery and Traumatology Service of Federal University of Pernambuco complaining of an increased volume in the left submandibular region. The clinical examination revealed a well-delimited lesion in the left parotid area, presenting with a firm and painless consistency. The required ultrasonography image confirmed the initial diagnosis and the patient was referred to the surgical facility in order to undertake tumor resection with partial parotidectomy under general anesthesia.
CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor with diverse characteristics and surgical technique choice depends on the lesion depth, as well as its extension and relation with the facial nerve.

Multiple supernumerary teeth in a non-syndromic patient: A case report and review of literature

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Supernumerary teeth (ST) are associated with many complications that include tooth impaction, ectopic eruption, and abnormal development of root. The usual treatment is the extraction, although repositioning in the dental arch may sometimes be an alternative. The present study reports the treatment of a case of multiple supernumerary teeth in a non-syndromic patient.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 16-year-old male patient presented two ST in each side of the jaw, detected by panoramic radiography. Syndromes or systemic diseases were not revealed by the anamnesis/ general health history. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) showed that the teeth were positioned in the lingual region between the inferior premolars at both right and left sides. Surgical therapy was the treatment of choice, in order to avoid possible eruption.
CONCLUSION: An early and accurate diagnosis is extremely important for treatment decision and success, thus avoiding future complications often related to ST.

Intraosseous lipoma: a case report

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this report was to demonstrate main clinical and histopathologic intraosseous mandibular lipoma features by taking a look at a specific case.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A case of intraosseous lipoma in the anterior jaw of a 27-year-old woman is reported.
CONCLUSION: The treatment of choice was surgical enucleation of the lesion, since recurrences have not been reported in the literature.

Enamel microabrasion: achieving aesthetic success to dental fluorosis in a single session – one-year follow-up

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: To describe the enamel microabrasion technique used to treat the patient with white stains due dental fluorosis, highlighting the importance of complete anamnesis and clinical examination to achieve the clinical success.
CASE DESCRIPTION: patient’s complains, aesthetic self-perception, age, general health, history of excessive intake of fluoride and time of teeth development were considered to the diagnosis and treatment plan. Also, dental trans illumination was used to evaluate the white spots diffusion and estimate the lesion’s length. An abrasive paste mixture of equal parts 37% phosphoric acid and pumice was applied with a wooden spatula in order to perform enamel microabrasion. After the last application, the teeth were polished with finishing discs and a neutral sodium fluoride gel was applied to enamel remineralization. Satisfactory results in the aesthetic improvement were possible with a minimally invasive and cost-effective technique. The dental trans illumination after treatment showed the disappearance of the enamel opacities, preserved on the one-year follow-up.
CONCLUSION: Cosmetic dentistry has been increasingly practiced today. However, a correct aesthetic planning should be based on current restorative dentistry concept. For any type of procedure, the dentist should opt for sound tooth structure preservation. This technique might be an efficient alternative to restorative treatments and can be considered a successful procedure. In cases of esthetic alterations due fluorosis, non-invasive methods such enamel microabrasion should be considered before invasive restorative treatments.

A very difficult farewell editorial

José Antonio Poli de Figueiredo — Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

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Inter-relationship between intrauterine dentistry and dentistry for babies: a literature review

João Augusto Cazuza, Karine Takahashi — Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

INTRODUCTION: Currently, intrauterine dentistry is a highly relevant topic, as its preventive measures can avoid several diseases, such as dental caries. Pregnancy is the ideal time for preventive and educational health measures to be put into practice, since future mothers are more receptive to changes and avid for knowledges that ensure the well-being of their baby.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to carry out a systematized review in a database regarding the interrelationship between the oral health care of the pregnant women and the development of healthy habits for babies.
METHODS: An exploratory bibliographic research was performed in books and databases through an online search in the literature. It was carried out a non-systematic review in the period between 1981 and 2015, in which the databases were LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, PUBMED and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), using as descriptors: intrauterine dentistry; dentistry for babies; dental cavity; prevention; infants; prenatal dentistry; behavior; habits; pregnant women. It was also consulted textbooks and periodicals available in the library at Campus I of University of Western São Paulo.
CONCLUSION: It was concluded that dental care for pregnant woman is important for the development of good habits in children, where the level of mothers’ knowledge about oral health will influence the prevalence of caries in their children.

The effect of music on parameters of fear, pain and anxiety during dental care: an integrative review

Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Integrative review on the influence of music on parameters of fear, pain and anxiety during dental care.
METHODS: Search for articles on the databases MEDLINE, PubMed, LILACS, Scielo and Google Scholar, using the terms “music”, “dentistry”, “music therapy”, “fear”, “pain”, “anxiety” and “music therapy and dentistry”. Inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials with primary data surveys that were related only to dentistry. The exclusion criteria were: any other experimental and observational study design, literature reviews and studies in which it was not possible to identify a relation with the subject.
RESULTS: Of the 11 randomized trial studies reviewed, all observed beneficial effects in patients who were listening to music during dental care. Studies have shown a reduction of pain during orthodontic treatment, reduction of postoperative recovery time and reduction of anxiety level in pediatric patients.
CONCLUSION: It was possible to observe that the use of music is recommended as an accessory therapy in dental care. Nevertheless, for the professional’s success in the treatment of fear, pain and anxiety, dialogue with the patient is essential, giving simple explanations and demonstrations, thus reducing the anxiety caused by the unknown and, in this way, controlling fear and pain. However, it is necessary to carry out more research in this field, in order to obtain better scientific evidence regarding music therapy applied to dental practice.

The use of golden proportion in dentistry: a integrative review

Luisa Piazzon Tridapalli, Marina Steinbach — Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this integrative review was assembling information about the golden ratio, improving a different sight to the theme.
METHODS: Original articles were retrieved on databases Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs and Web of Science selecting proper articles published between the years of 2006-2017.
RESULTS: 55 articles were included, in which 42% of the findings corresponded to aesthetic perception and 40% to golden ratio and ethnical groups.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that there’s no relationship between golden ratio and natural teeths and this ratio isn’t a decisive factor to ensuring the smile attractiveness, however, if this proportion were individually applied for each patient, can become a useful guide.

Effect size: a statistical basis for clinical practice

José Valladares-Neto — Sun, 30 Dec 2018 00:00:00 -0200

OBJECTIVE: Effect size (ES) is the statistical measure which quantifies the strength of a phenomenon and is commonly applied to observational and interventional studies. The aim of this review was to describe the conceptual basis of this measure, including its application, calculation and interpretation.
RESULTS: As well as being used to detect the magnitude of the difference between groups, to verify the strength of association between predictor and outcome variables, to calculate sample size and power, ES is also used in meta-analysis. ES formulas can be divided into these categories: I – Difference between groups, II – Strength of association, III – Risk estimation, and IV – Multivariate data. The d value was originally considered small (0.20 > d ≤ 0.49), medium (0.50 > d≤ 0.79) or large (d ≥ 0.80); however, these cut-off limits are not consensual and could be contextualized according to a specific field of knowledge. In general, a larger score implies that a larger difference was detected.
CONCLUSION: The ES report, in conjunction with the confidence interval and P value, aims to strengthen interpretation and prevent the misinterpretation of data, and thus leads to clinical decisions being based on scientific evidence studies.